其他分享
首页 > 其他分享> > 揭开DRF序列化技术的神秘面纱

揭开DRF序列化技术的神秘面纱

作者:互联网

在RESTful API中,接口返回的是JSON,JSON的内容对应的是数据库中的数据,DRF是通过序列化(Serialization)的技术,把数据模型转换为JSON的,反之,叫做反序列化(deserialization)。本文就来揭开DRF序列化技术的神秘面纱。

创建虚拟环境

虚拟环境是独立的Python环境,可以和系统环境分离,只安装需要的包即可,使用以下命令创建并激活:

# 创建Python虚拟环境
python -m venv env
# 激活虚拟环境
env\Scripts\activate.bat  
# Mac中使用`source env/bin/activate`

退出虚拟环境用deactivate。

接着在虚拟环境中安装本文用到的包:

pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
pip install pygments  # 代码高亮

创建项目

创建project:

django-admin startproject tutorial

创建app:

cd tutorial
python manage.py startapp snippets

tutorial/settings.py中的INSTALLED_APPS添加snippetsrest_framework

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'rest_framework',
    'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',
]

只有添加后,app才会生效哦。

创建model

编辑snippets/models.py,创建Snippet模型:

from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles

LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted([(item, item) for item in get_all_styles()])


class Snippet(models.Model):
    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
    code = models.TextField()
    linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)
    style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['created']

Snippet有6个字段,created、title、code、linenos、language、style。

接着同步数据库:

python manage.py makemigrations snippets
python manage.py migrate

创建Serializer

rest_framework.serializers的结构如下:

查看Python模块中的成员,需要勾选:

之前我们用过HyperlinkedModelSerializer,是封装后的符合RESTful良好设计的序列化器,这里直接使用更底层的Serializer。在snippets目录下创建serializers.py,添加以下代码:

from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES


class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
    title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)
    code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})
    linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)
    language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')
    style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')

    def create(self, validated_data):
        """
        Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
        """
        return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)

    def update(self, instance, validated_data):
        """
        Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
        """
        instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)
        instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)
        instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)
        instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)
        instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)
        instance.save()
        return instance

代码第一部分定义了序列化/反序列化的字段,字段定义方式类似于Form。第二部分的create()update()方法定义了调用serializer.save()时,创建和更新实例的处理方式。

玩玩Serializer

既然已经创建好了Serializer,何不玩玩它?只有玩了才知道序列化的技术细节。这里用到了Django shell,可以在命令行实时看到输出结果:

python manage.py shell

首先通过模型新增2条测试数据:

from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser

snippet = Snippet(code='foo = "bar"\n')
snippet.save()

snippet = Snippet(code='print("hello, world")\n')
snippet.save()

接着把它序列化看看:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
serializer.data
# {'id': 2, 'title': '', 'code': 'print("hello, world")\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': 'python', 'style': 'friendly'}

因为snippet变量最后引用的是第2个数据模型的实例,所以这里只显示第2条数据。

serializer.data返回的是个字典,最后把字典转换为JSON:

content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data)
content
# b'{"id": 2, "title": "", "code": "print(\\"hello, world\\")\\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}'

这就是序列化的过程,模型实例→Python字典→JSON。

反序列化的过程是类似的,先把JSON转换为Python字典:

import io

stream = io.BytesIO(content)
data = JSONParser().parse(stream)

再把字典转换为模型实例:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
serializer.is_valid()
# True
serializer.validated_data
# OrderedDict([('title', ''), ('code', 'print("hello, world")\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])
serializer.save()
# <Snippet: Snippet object>

因为SnippetSerializer的create()方法代码是return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data),所以serializer.save()会在数据库中新增1条数据,并返回Snippet模型实例。

另外,序列化对象不只有模型实例,也可以是数据集:

serializer = SnippetSerializer(Snippet.objects.all(), many=True)
serializer.data
# [OrderedDict([('id', 1), ('title', ''), ('code', 'foo = "bar"\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 2), ('title', ''), ('code', 'print("hello, world")\n'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')]), OrderedDict([('id', 3), ('title', ''), ('code', 'print("hello, world")'), ('linenos', False), ('language', 'python'), ('style', 'friendly')])]

使用ModelSerializers

rest_framework.serializers.Serializers比较底层,需要重复定义model中的字段,DRF的作者当然也想到了这个问题,并且给出了解决办法:把Serializers封装成ModelSerializers。在snippets/serializers.py中替换SnippetSerializer为:

class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Snippet
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style']

写法果然简洁了很多。使用Django shell打印出来看看:

from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
serializer = SnippetSerializer()
print(repr(serializer))
# SnippetSerializer():
#    id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)
#    title = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)
#    code = CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})
#    linenos = BooleanField(required=False)
#    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('Clipper', 'FoxPro'), ('Cucumber', 'Gherkin'), ('RobotFramework', 'RobotFramework'), ('abap', 'ABAP'), ('ada', 'Ada')...
#    style = ChoiceField(choices=[('autumn', 'autumn'), ('borland', 'borland'), ('bw', 'bw'), ('colorful', 'colorful')...

和手动定义的字段一模一样。其实ModelSerializer并没有做额外的处理,我们可以从它的部分代码片段看到:

  serializer_field_mapping = {
        models.AutoField: IntegerField,
        models.BigIntegerField: IntegerField,
        models.BooleanField: BooleanField,
  
  
  # Default `create` and `update` behavior...
  def create(self, validated_data):
  
  
  def update(self, instance, validated_data):
      raise_errors_on_nested_writes('update', self, validated_data)

建立字段映射,定义create()update()等方法,只做了最简单的封装。

编写views

我们之前用的是已经封装好的rest_framework.viewsets,这里直接用Django原生的view。在snippets/views.py中添加代码:

from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer

先创建snippet_list视图,返回snippets列表或者新建1个snippet:

@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
    """
    List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
    """
    if request.method == 'GET':
        snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)

    elif request.method == 'POST':
        data = JSONParser().parse(request)
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)

本文示例中,客户端发起POST请求是不带CSRF token的,所以需要添加csrf_exempt(exempt翻译为免除)装饰器,允许跨域访问。这里只是演示,实际会使用django-cors-headers来解决跨域问题,而不是给每个view都加上@csrf_exempt

CSRF是指跨站请求伪造,攻击者盗用你的身份,以你的名义发送恶意请求。CSRF token是指服务器通过token来认证,如果请求中没有token或者token不匹配,那么就认为可能是CSRF而拒绝该请求。

接着添加一个view,对单个snippet进行删(delete)、改(update)、查(retrieve):

@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
    """
    Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
    """
    try:
        snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
    except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponse(status=404)

    if request.method == 'GET':
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.data)

    elif request.method == 'PUT':
        data = JSONParser().parse(request)
        serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            serializer.save()
            return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
        return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)

    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        snippet.delete()
        return HttpResponse(status=204)

注意,前面create返回的status为201,这里retrieve返回的默认的200,附上几个常见状态码:

  • 200 OK - GET/PUT/PATCH:服务器成功返回用户请求的数据,该操作是幂等的(Idempotent)
  • 201 CREATED - POST:用户新建数据成功
  • 204 NO content - DELETE:用户删除数据成功
  • 400 Invalid request - POST/PUT/PATCH:用户发出的请求有错误,服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作,该操作是幂等的
  • 401 Unauthorized - *:表示用户没有权限(令牌、用户名、密码错误)
  • 403 Forbidden - *:表示用户得到授权(与401错误相对),但是访问是被禁止的

最后,添加路由,新建文件snippets/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from snippets import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),
    path('snippets/<int:pk>/', views.snippet_detail),
]

再配置到tutorial/urls.py

from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('', include('snippets.urls')),
]

测试API

启动项目:

python manage.py runserver

新开一个Terminal,安装HTTP命令行工具:

pip install httpie

请求snippets列表:

http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "title": "",
    "code": "foo = \"bar\"\n",
    "linenos": false,
    "language": "python",
    "style": "friendly"
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "title": "",
    "code": "print(\"hello, world\")\n",
    "linenos": false,
    "language": "python",
    "style": "friendly"
  }
]

请求id为2的snippet:

http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
{
  "id": 2,
  "title": "",
  "code": "print(\"hello, world\")\n",
  "linenos": false,
  "language": "python",
  "style": "friendly"
}

东方说

不得不说DRF的Tutorial实践性很强,基本上照着做都能敲出来,体验比较好。序列化的过程,就是模型实例→Python字典→JSON的过程。通过本文也理解了在app中models.pyserializers.pyviews.pyurls.py的代码编写顺序。

参考资料:

https://www.django-rest-framework.org/tutorial/1-serialization/

https://blog.csdn.net/yexudengzhidao/article/details/93527586

标签:style,code,serializer,snippet,面纱,序列化,data,snippets,DRF
来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/df888/p/14145364.html