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1.句型结构

1.1 简单句

句型结构：   主格 ：动作发出的人 宾格 ：动作承受人   

1) 主+谓

2）主+谓+宾

必须有实义动词 I wash my hands

3）主+谓+宾+宾

4）主+谓+宾+宾补

宾补：对宾语的补充说明；会让句子简洁 I am going to paint it pink （pink宾补） I find the room dark

5）主+系+表

谓语是系动词 表语用来描述主语 she is beautiful   I love him   you give me a book (a book也是宾语)

6)主语+谓语+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语

I bought many shoes busily in the mall yesterday

1.2 并列句

含义：多件事，一样重要 写法：简单句，用并列连词链接

1）顺接

and ； both... and... ; Both my sister and I went shopping not only...but...as well... (不但.. 而且..) not only...but also... not only...but...

2)转折

but ; yet

3)选择

or ； either... or...; neither...or...

4）因果

for ； so 并列句的特点 相同的可以省略，余下的保持不变 1) I ran to the station but (省略) missed the train 2) I spoke English very carefully. I spoke English very clearly I not only spoke English very carefully but very clearly as well 3) He didn't speak English .I didi not speak English Neither he nor me spoke English 4)多个句子，前面相同的连接词可以省略用逗号替代 I wash my face ,brush my teeth,and comb my hair   and bug连接

1.3 复合句

1)宾语从句

句子作宾语 I think that he is awful 主句：I think 从句： he is awful 引导词：that 主句是一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态 he says that he loved her   功能：表达观点 I thi   宾语从句是陈述句语序   特殊疑问句->宾语从句 What is a picture 'about'? They always tell you what a picture is 'about'   一般疑问句->宾语从句 Are my pictures good or not ？ She always tells me whether/if my pictures are good or not   宾语从句的位置 动单宾 Many people pretend that they understand modern art 动双宾 They always tell you what a picture is 'about' 介宾 He was astonished at what he found   时态 1）主句是一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态 2)从句变为后时态 Susan says: "I am still at home" Susan saied that she was still at home   一般现在 -> 一般过去 现在完成->过去完成时 一般过去时->过去完成时 一般将来时->过去将来时    

2)定语从句

什么是定语 xxx 的： 修饰名词/代词 什么可以做定语： 1）形容词 a pretty girl 2）名词 a diamond ring 3）介词短语 the book on the table 4)句子 He is the man who loves my friend 定语从句：句子做定语 定语从句的位置：名词之后 写法： he is the man（先行词） who（关系词） loves my friend.   关系词： who（先行词是主语）/whom（先行词是宾语）/which/that/ （常用的) whose/when/where/why （不常用的） he is the man（先行词） who（关系词） loves my friend. he is the man whom my friend loves   特殊说明 1.当先行词被the only,the very, the same 或the last 等词修饰时,关系代词只能用that,不能用which 2.先行词做宾语时关系词可省略 My son ask me a question that/which/省略 I can't answer   限定性的定语从句 I met your friend who was staying in Paris 名词范围不确定，要限定，无逗号隔开   非限定性的定语从句 名词范围确定，要限定，逗号隔开 1）绝对确定，独一无二、专有名词：父母、国家、长城 。。 2）相对确定，文章在描写一个thing，在这个上下文中 都是确定的   注意 1）关系词不能省略 2）不能用that 3）名词是人的时候，如果做宾语只能用whom ，不能用who  

3）状语从句

什么是状语： 用来修饰、说明谓语的 状语从句：句子充当状语

3.1）条件状语从句

he goes he goes there 地点状语 he goes there by bike 方式状语 he goes there because it's late 原因状语 he goes there to meet her 目的状语 he will go there if you invite hime 条件状语 he goes there more frequently 比较状语 he goes there every weekend 时间状语   if条件状语从句 真实条件句 You will miss the train,if you don't hurry       虚拟条件句   状语从句的时态 假设过去：if从句 一般过去时，主句过去将来时 假设现在：if从句 一般现在时，主句一般将来时 假设将来：if从句 一般现在时，主句一般将来时 （使用场景最多）   主句的变化 主句：情态动词 从句：一般现在时 If you promise to keep a secret ,i can tell you the truth 主句：祈使句 从句：一般现在时 if you want something done, ask a woman  

3.2)时间状语从句

句子作时间状语 引导词: when(万能引导词)/while（多接进行时态）/as（一边一边，紧接着发生）/before/after He was calling his girlfriend when he was driving when you think you konw nothing,you begin to know something  

3.3）让步状语从句

even though /though /although /even if 明让步 暗转折   状语从句的省略    

4）表语从句

用句子做表语，在系动词之后 写法：同宾语从句，that不能省略 The most surprising thing is that it can land anywhere  

5）主语从句

含义：用句子做主语 位置：句首或者句尾，建议放在句尾，避免头重脚轻 句尾：It seemed certain that their plane would crash 句首：that their plane would crash seemed certain  

6）同位语从句

一个句子做同位语，解释抽象名词 fact/news/theory/idea/suggestion/report... I have no doubt that he will help me we support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously we discuss the question whether the meeting should be held  

2.句型

2.1.一般疑问句 

  Be动词置于句前  are you chinese  

2.2.特殊疑问句

特殊疑问词 what how whose who which where when why would   句型结构 句式1：特殊疑问词+be+名词 what is your job ? which is your car? how只能使用句式1 Who只能使用句式1 Where只能使用句式1   句式2：特殊疑问词+名词+be Whose car is this? which car is yours? whose后面可加任意名字。可以转换为句式1 what只能加color/make/time/nationnality。其中只有nationnality可以转换为句式1     Here is your car and your pen   。 be动词就近原则 How are your mother and father       how to + 动词   how to use it？   would：想要，疑问句时表达委婉的请求 would like to do would like sth would you like to go to my birthday party? yes,i'd love to   反意疑问句 you are not busy，are you ？你不忙吧 回答,实事求是忙就是yes，不忙就no yes ,im busy;    

2.3.祈使句

用来表示命令、请求、建议等 没有主语，动词打头 shut the door    

2.4 否定疑问句

使用场景： 表示强调/情绪，翻译为 难道、难道不 句型结构： 一般疑问词+not 的缩略式 Are you ok ？ Aren‘t you ok?  

2.5倒装句

倒装句的目的：表示强调 如何变倒装：强调部分提前+一般疑问句形式 we can learn english well only in this way -->only in this way can we learn english well he achieved his goal only by working hard -->Only by working hard did he achieve his goal   so（肯定）/neither（否定） +be/will/have/情态动词/助动词+主语   人称、时态一致 I like the car; So do I; So does Lee;   I can do it; So can I   they were young So were I   I am not a nurse Neither am I   Among them will be Debbie's mother，who ..      

2.6 感叹句

how +adj/adv what+n how beautiful what a beautifull day  

2.7 条件句

  虚拟条件句 将谓语动词改变时态(从句往前退一个时态) 来说明不是真的 假设现在 从句过去时did（be用were,不区分人称）,主句 could/would/should/might+do 假设过去 从句过去完成时 had done，主句 could/would/should/might+have done 假设将来 同假设现在一样 从句还可以是 were to do/should do if i had/were to have/should have time ,i will see you   宾语从句虚拟 表示 建议/命令/要求的动词后，宾语从句要虚拟 suggest/advise/propose/recommend/order/ask/demand/insist/request  

2.8 强调句

it is +强调的部分+that+句子余下的部分（不能强调形容词、动词） We used to have meetings in the cafe It was in the cafe that we used to have meetings  

2.时态

2.1 现在

2.1.1 一般现在时

使用场景： 经常的状态 习惯的动作 真理（客观事实）   句型结构： 陈述句： 句型1：主语+be+非动词 句型2：主语+v（实义动词） 第一人称/第二人称/第三人称复数 + 动词原形 第三人称单数+动词s/es   疑问句： Do you love me ? Does she love me?   否定句： you dont love me she doesn't love me   有情态动词时，使用动词原形  

2.1.2 现在进行时

句型结构： 主语+助动词(is/am/are)+现在分词 动词->现在分词 ： 1.一般情况 do+ing 2.以不发音的e结尾 ，去掉e+ing taking 3.辅+元+辅 双写辅音字母+ing （opening,sharpening,listening除外）   有情态动词 she is sleeping now she must be sleeping now  

2.1.3 现在完成时

使用场景 (语用功能：引起话题) 1）截止到现在为止，已经完成，影响现在 2）表持续 She has lived in Beijing for ten years. 句型结构 1）主语+have/has（助动词）+done(过去分词) 2）主语+have/has（助动词）+been + 非动词 陈述句： I have watched the movie He has been there 疑问句： have/has 提前 Have you watched the movie ? Has he been there ? 否定句 have/has + not I haven't watched the movie He hasn't been there   动词原形->过去分词 通常情况下 与变换过去式（did）的规则相同 1）一般情况+ ed call -> called 2）以e结尾的 + d love->loved 3）以辅音字母+y结尾的，将y变成i + ed try->tried 4）辅+元+辅 辅音字母双写+ed stop->stopped;drop;wrap;regret 特殊的：
  1. have(实义动词)->had ; do -> done ; be -> been ; see->seen
  2. fly -flew-flown ; draw->drew->drawn; grow->grew->grown; know->knew->known
  3. begin-began-begun ; drink->drank-drunk ; sing-sang-sung ; swim-swam-swum;ring-rang-rung
  4. feel-felt-felt ; keep -kept-kept ; leave-left-left ; sleep -slept - slept ; sweep -swept-swept
  5. catch-caught-caught ; teach-taught-taught ；bring-brought
  6. meet-met-met ; get -got-got/gotten ; hold-held-held ; sit-sat-sat ; win - won-won
  7. build - built-built ; send-sent-sent ; spend-spent-spent ; make-made-made ; hear-heard-heard
  8. find-found-found ;sell-sold-sold ; take-took-taken ;cost-cost-cost ;catch-caught-caught
  9. spell-spelt-spelt;forget-forgot-forgot;let-let-let;understand-understood
  10. bear-bore-borne ; pay-paid-paid；steal-stole-stolen；strick-struck-struck;break-broke-broken
  11. stand-stood-stood;eat-ate-eaten;speak-spoke-splken;learn-learned(learnt)-learned(learnt)
  12. hang-hung（意为吊着时）（hanged意为绞死时）-hung（hanged）；choose-chose-chosen;
        过去分词与动词原形一致 put->put ；read->read ; cut->cut ；let-let；cost；hurt;   常用的时间状语： 表完成 ：just / already / before / never / ever / yet/ 表持续： since / for / so far / up to now /lately /up till now   been to ：去过，人已经回来了 gone to ：去了，人还在那里  

2.1.4 现在完成进行时

强调持续进行的过程 have/has +been doing It has been raining for a week  

2.2 将来

 

2.2.1一般将来时

使用场景： 预先计划和打算做的 句型结构： 强调客观事实、马上、预先计划优先使用句型1   1）主语+be+going to+动词原形/地点名词/be+非动词 I am going to be there at two; 口语中：going to = gonna 2）主语+will（助动词）+动词原形 He will come on time 3）主语+will+be+非动词 4)shall+do (shall只能跟在第一人称后)   两者区别： be going to ;事先有预兆、有准备 will :临时的、有意愿的 一般疑问句： Will he come on time ? 特殊疑问句 when will you have a holiday? 否定句： He won't come on time   be about to 即将 be +to do 按计划或安排将要发生某事  

2.2.1 将来进行时

强调正在进行、一定会发生 will/shall be doing   there be句型 倒装句，强调有 常用句式 there be +名词+介词短语/doing there is a girl in the classroom there is a girl crying  

2.2.2 将来完成时

will/shall +have done by + 时间 截止到xx，通常与完成时连用 Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year    

2.3 过去

2.3.1 一般过去时

使用场景 过去经常的状态 过去习惯的动作   句型结构： 陈述句 1）主语+was/were+非动词 2）主语+did I cleaned my room this morning 疑问句： Did you clean your room this morining ? 否定句 I didn't clean my room this morning   do->did 1）一般情况+ ed call -> called 2）以e结尾的 + d love->loved 3）以辅音字母+y结尾的，将y变成i + ed try->tried 4）辅+元+辅 辅音字母双写+ed stop->stopped 5）一些特别的
  1. go->went ；understand ->understood ;speak ->spoke
  2. buy -> bought ; see->saw ;lose -> lost ;take->took;
  3. fly->flew ; blow->blew ; draw->drew ; grow->grew ; know-knew
  4. begin->began ; drink->drank ; sing-sang ; swim->swam
  5. feel->felt ; keep->kept ; leave->left ; sleep->slept ; sweep->swept
  6. catch->caught ; teach->taught
  7. meet->met; get->got ; sit->sat ; win->won
  8. build->built ; send->sent ; spend->spent ; make->made ; hear->heard
  6）过去式与动词原形一致 put->put ；read->read ; cut->cut ；let-let；cost；hurt 7) 情态动词的过去式 can->could; may->might ; must->must ; will -> would   情态动词(表是推测) mast/may/can't have been /done he must have been tall when he was young he must have played basketball well when he was young    

2.3.2 过去进行时态

表示过去某一时刻、某段时间正在做的事情 句型结构： 主语+was/were+doing 常用搭配：when/while/as while/as 通常搭配延续性动词，用于进行时态 应用场景：铺垫故事背景 While they were sleeping,a thief sneaked in  

2.3.3 过去完成时

功能：过去某一时刻之前完成的动作、状态 结构：主语+had+done   陈述句： She had done her homework befor 10:00 last night 疑问句： Had she done her homework befor 10:00 last night? 否定句： She had not done her homework befor 10:00 last night   时间状语 by the end of last year / sb+动词过去式 by the time   过去完成时 与 一般过去时的搭配使用 when he got there ,she had left   no sooner..than .. 一xxx就xxx 表示过去一前一后的两件事 I had no sooner hung the pic on the wall than it fell down As soon as I had hung the pic on the wall,it fell down   hardly ..when.. 还没来得及..就.. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left here 他还没来得及定居就卖了房子离开这里  

2.3.4 过去将来时

would do was/were going to do  

2.3.5 过去完成进行时

had been doing  

3.语态

3.1 被动语态

不及物动词没有被动语态 the window is closed her wallet was lost yesterday 构成： 陈述句 be + done（过去分词） 否定 be + not+done 疑问 be提前 使用场景： 1）不知道动作的发出者 2）强调动作的发出者 3）没有必要说出动作的发出者 现在进行时：be beding done / is going to be done 现在完成时： have/has been done 常用被动语态 1) he was born in 1984 (bear-bore-born) 2)he was hurt (hurt-hurt-hurt) 3)she is dressed in a funny hat (dressed-dressed-dressed)   lost time is never found again 岁月流逝，一去不返   情态动词在被动语态的使用 must/can/x be(原形) done The letter must be sent now   推测过去的被动语态 must have been done   there be 句型的过去时 There was a river here before There was not a river here before Was there a river here before?   双宾语动词的被动语态 she gave me a pen (she gave a pen to me) I was given a pen by her A pen was given to me by her     be单复数 就近原则  

标签：there,从句,状语,语法,done,动词,he
来源： https://www.cnblogs.com/amei0/p/16537496.html