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.NET Core技术研究-主机

作者:互联网

前一段时间,和大家分享了 ASP.NET Core技术研究-探秘Host主机启动过程

但是没有深入说明主机的设计。今天整理了一下主机的一些知识,结合先前的博文,完整地介绍一下.NET Core的主机的设计和构建启动过程。

一、什么是主机

  主机是一个封装了应用资源的对象,即:主机封装了一堆应用资源,封装了哪些应用资源呢?

二、Web主机和通用主机

    先说Web主机:即ASP.NET Core Web主机,概括的讲就是托管Web程序的Host。在低于 3.0 的 ASP.NET Core 版本中,Web 主机用于 HTTP 工作负载

    我们新建一个ASP.NET Core2.2的Web应用程序,在Program类的Main函数中我们可以看到整个WebHost的构造、启动过程:

    

    

   .NET Core提供Web主机的同时,还提供了一个通用主机的概念。

   通用主机Host和Web主机提供了类似的架构和功能,包含依赖注入框架DI、日志、配置、各类应用(托管服务)。通用主机的出现,给了我们更多开发的选择,比如说后台处理任务场景。

   在.NET Core3.1版本后,微软不再建议将 Web 主机用于 Web 应用,直接使用Host通用主机来替换WebHost,

   一句话:通用主机可以托管任何类型的应用,包括 Web 应用。 通用主机将替换 Web 主机。为了向下兼容,WebHost依然可以使用。

    我们新建一个ASP.NET Core3.1的Web应用程序,在Program类的Main函数中我们可以看到整个WebHost的构造、启动过程:

    

   接下来,我们将以ASP.NET Core 3.1这个版本,介绍一下主机的构建过程和启动过程

三、主机是如何构建的

   从上述代码可以看到,Main函数中首先调用CreateHostBuilder方法,返回一个IHostBuilder。然后调用IHostBuilder.Build()方法完成

  1. 通过Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args): 构造IHostBuilder的默认实现HostBuilder

   在CreateHostBuilder方法内部,首先调用了Host.CreateDefaultBuilder构造了一个HostBuilder,这个我们先看下源码,看看到底Host类内部做了什么操作:

public static IHostBuilder CreateDefaultBuilder(string[] args)
        {
            var builder = new HostBuilder();
 
            builder.UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
            builder.ConfigureHostConfiguration(config =>
            {
                config.AddEnvironmentVariables(prefix: "DOTNET_");
                if (args != null)
                {
                    config.AddCommandLine(args);
                }
            });
 
            builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
            {
                var env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;
 
                config.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
                      .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
 
                if (env.IsDevelopment() && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))
                {
                    var appAssembly = Assembly.Load(new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));
                    if (appAssembly != null)
                    {
                        config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true);
                    }
                }
 
                config.AddEnvironmentVariables();
 
                if (args != null)
                {
                    config.AddCommandLine(args);
                }
            })
            .ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>
            {
                var isWindows = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);
 
                // IMPORTANT: This needs to be added *before* configuration is loaded, this lets
                // the defaults be overridden by the configuration.
                if (isWindows)
                {
                    // Default the EventLogLoggerProvider to warning or above
                    logging.AddFilter<EventLogLoggerProvider>(level => level >= LogLevel.Warning);
                }
 
                logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
                logging.AddConsole();
                logging.AddDebug();
                logging.AddEventSourceLogger();
 
                if (isWindows)
                {
                    // Add the EventLogLoggerProvider on windows machines
                    logging.AddEventLog();
                }
            })
            .UseDefaultServiceProvider((context, options) =>
            {
                var isDevelopment = context.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment();
                options.ValidateScopes = isDevelopment;
                options.ValidateOnBuild = isDevelopment;
            });
 
            return builder;
        }

  从上述.NET Core源代码中,可以看到CreateDefaultBuilder内部构造了一个HostBuilder,同时设置了:

   以上构造完成了HostBuilder,针对ASP.NET Core应用,代码继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。

   2. IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults:通过GenericWebHostBuilder对HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置

   构造完成HostBuilder之后,针对ASP.NET Core应用,继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。这是一个ASP.NET Core的一个扩展方法:

   

   我们继续看ConfigureWebHostDefaults扩展方法内部做了哪些事情:

   ASP.NET Core源码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/master/src/DefaultBuilder/src/GenericHostBuilderExtensions.cs      

   

using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
 
namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Extension methods for configuring the IWebHostBuilder.
    /// </summary>
    public static class GenericHostBuilderExtensions
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/> class with pre-configured defaults.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        ///   The following defaults are applied to the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/>:
        ///     use Kestrel as the web server and configure it using the application's configuration providers,
        ///     adds the HostFiltering middleware,
        ///     adds the ForwardedHeaders middleware if ASPNETCORE_FORWARDEDHEADERS_ENABLED=true,
        ///     and enable IIS integration.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="builder">The <see cref="IHostBuilder" /> instance to configure</param>
        /// <param name="configure">The configure callback</param>
        /// <returns>The <see cref="IHostBuilder"/> for chaining.</returns>
        public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHostDefaults(this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)
        {
            return builder.ConfigureWebHost(webHostBuilder =>
            {
                WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder);
 
                configure(webHostBuilder);
            });
        }
    }
}
© 2020 GitHub, Inc.

  首先,通过类GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions,对IHostBuilder扩展一个方法:ConfigureWebHost:builder.ConfigureWebHost

     在这个扩展方法中实现了对IWebHostBuilder的依赖注入:即将GenericWebHostBuilder实例传入方法ConfigureWebHostDefaults内部

     代码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions.cs    

using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 
namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting
{
    public static class GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions
    {
        public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHost(this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)
        {
            var webhostBuilder = new GenericWebHostBuilder(builder);
            configure(webhostBuilder);
            builder.ConfigureServices((context, services) => services.AddHostedService<GenericWebHostService>());
            return builder;
        }
    }
}

 通过GenericWebHostBuilder的构造函数GenericWebHostBuilder(buillder),将已有的HostBuilder增加了ASP.NET Core运行时设置。

   可以参考ASP.NET Core源代码:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHost/GenericWebHostBuilder.cs

   先看到这,让我们回到ConfigureWebHostDefaults:

   将上面两段代码合并一下进行理解:ConfigureWebHostDefaults做了两件事情:

   ①. 扩展IHostBuilder增加ConfigureWebHost,引入IWebHostBuilder的实现GenericWebHostBuilder,将已有的HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core运行时的设置。

   ②  ConfigureWebHost代码中的configure(webhostBuilder):对注入的IWebHostBuilder,调用 WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder),启用各类设置,如下代码解读: 

  

internal static void ConfigureWebDefaults(IWebHostBuilder builder)
       {
           builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((ctx, cb) =>
           {
               if (ctx.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment())
               {
                   StaticWebAssetsLoader.UseStaticWebAssets(ctx.HostingEnvironment, ctx.Configuration);
               }
           });
           builder.UseKestrel((builderContext, options) =>
           {
               options.Configure(builderContext.Configuration.GetSection("Kestrel"));
           })
           .ConfigureServices((hostingContext, services) =>
           {
               // Fallback
               services.PostConfigure<HostFilteringOptions>(options =>
               {
                   if (options.AllowedHosts == null || options.AllowedHosts.Count == 0)
                   {
                       // "AllowedHosts": "localhost;127.0.0.1;[::1]"
                       var hosts = hostingContext.Configuration["AllowedHosts"]?.Split(new[] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
                       // Fall back to "*" to disable.
                       options.AllowedHosts = (hosts?.Length > 0 ? hosts : new[] { "*" });
                   }
               });
               // Change notification
               services.AddSingleton<IOptionsChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>>(
                           new ConfigurationChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>(hostingContext.Configuration));
 
               services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, HostFilteringStartupFilter>();
 
               if (string.Equals("true", hostingContext.Configuration["ForwardedHeaders_Enabled"], StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
               {
                   services.Configure<ForwardedHeadersOptions>(options =>
                   {
                       options.ForwardedHeaders = ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedFor | ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedProto;
                       // Only loopback proxies are allowed by default. Clear that restriction because forwarders are
                       // being enabled by explicit configuration.
                       options.KnownNetworks.Clear();
                       options.KnownProxies.Clear();
                   });
 
                   services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, ForwardedHeadersStartupFilter>();
               }
 
               services.AddRouting();
           })
           .UseIIS()
           .UseIISIntegration();
       }

  其内部实现了:

  3. 返回ConfigureWebHostDefaults代码中的configure(webHostBuilder):执行Program类中的webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();

   以上过程完成了IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults,通过GenericWebHostBuilder对HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置。

   接下来就是主机的Build过程了:

  4. CreateHostBuilder(args).Build()

  CreateHostBuilder返回的IHostBuilder,我们通过代码Debug,看一下具体的类型:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.HostBuilder。

  

   具体的Build过程是怎么样的?先看下Build的源码:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/HostBuilder.cs

      

      主机Build的过程主要完成了:

四、主机是如何启动运行的

   我们先通过Debug,看一下Host的信息:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.Internal.Host

   

      这个Run方法也是一个扩展方法:HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.Run

      ASP.NET Core源代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Abstractions/src/HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.cs

     

     其实内部转调的还是Host.StartAsync方法,在内部启动了DI依赖注入容器中所有注册的服务。

     .NET Core代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/Internal/Host.cs

    

五、主机中注册一个托管服务

  以一个后台自更新(每隔5s 检查一次程序变更、进行输出)场景作为Demo,我们看一下如何在主机中注册一个托管服务。

  自更新服务UpdateService,需要继承接口IHostService。

  

 public class UpdateService : IHostedService
    {
        Task updateTask = null;

        CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();

        public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            updateTask = Task.Run(() =>
            {
                while (cancellationTokenSource.Token.IsCancellationRequested==false)
                {
//Check new data... Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Now + ": Executed"); Task.Delay(5000).Wait(); } }); return Task.CompletedTask; } public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) { cancellationTokenSource.Cancel(); return Task.CompletedTask; } }

  同时,我们需要在ConfigureServices方法中,将UpdateService添加到IoC服务容器中

        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IHostedService, UpdateService>();
            services.AddControllers();
        }

  程序启动后,可以看到以下输出:

    

   以上是对.NET Core主机的概念、设计初衷、构建过程、启动运行过程、服务注册的整理和分享。

 

周国庆

2020/4/18

标签:Core,ASP,主机,builder,Hosting,NET
来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/tianqing/p/12726181.html