DNS服务之DNS正反向解析
作者：互联网
DNS服务之DNS正反向解析
作用：解析域名服务，用来解析互联网中的域名，是基于应用层的协议
安装
bind：服务端工具包，以named账号来运行此软件
bind-utils：客户端工具包
配置文件详解：
/etc/named.conf ##全局配置文件
/etc/named.rfc1912.zones ##指定区域配置文件
options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; }; ##指定IP和端口与主机进行绑定
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; ##指定的Ipv6的地址
directory "/var/named"; ##数据库文件的所在位置
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
allow-query { localhost; }; ##限制查询的主机 配置正反向解析
编辑/etc/named.conf，配置所有的主机都可以进行解析
options {
listen-on port 53 { any; }; ##配置改主机所有ip可以提供解析服务
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
allow-query { any; }; ##配置所有主机可以查询编辑/etc/named.rfc1912.zones，把所有配置删除，并加入如下配置
zone "sunwukong.com" IN { ##指定要解析的域
type master; ##类型为主服务
file "suwukong.zone"; ##指解析域的文件名
};zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN { ##指定反向解析域
type master;
file "kongwusun.zone"; ##指定反向解析域的文件名
};配置完成后可用named-checkconf来检查配置文件是否存在语法错误
配置解析域的文件：
解析域文件的所在位置是/var/named，首先要进入此文件夹中，在其中有对应的模板，可以对照着模板进行改动。
[root@localhost ~] cd /var/named/
[root@localhost named] cp -p named.localhost sunwukong.zone ##拷贝正向解析文件模板，且文件名要和区域配置的文件名一样
[root@localhost named] cp -p named.loopback kongwusun.zone ##拷贝方向区域模板配置解析域文件：
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA ns1.suwukong.com. rname.invalid. (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS ns1
ns1 A 192.168.1.19
ftp A 192.168.1.20
smb A 192.168.1.21反向解析域文件：
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA ns1.sunwukong.com. rname.invalid. (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
19 PTR ns1.sunwukong.com.
20 PTR ftp.sunwukong.com.
21 PTR smb.sunwukong.com.用named-checkzone检查配置文件是否存在错误
[root@localhost named] named-checkzone sunwukong.com sunwukong.zone ##检查正向解析文件
zone sunwukong.com/IN: loaded serial 0
OK[root@localhost named] named-checkzone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa kongwusun.zone ##检查方向配置文件是否存在错误
zone 1.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
OK都检查无误后，即可启动服务，如果没有任何错误，则启动服务时没有任何提示（仅限centos7，centos6上启动服务成功后会有成功的提示）
systemctl start named ##centos7上启动
service start named ##centos6上启动
测试域名解析是否生效：
可以用多个命令来进行域名解析，如nslookup，host，dig等，下面用dig命令来演示DNS的解析服务
1，检查sunwukong.com域的ns
[root@localhost named]# dig -t ns sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -t ns sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 14217
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;sunwukong.com. IN NS
;; ANSWER SECTION:
sunwukong.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com. ##查询到的ns记录
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19 ##查询到的ns记录的IP地址
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 22:35:43 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 762，查询ftp.sunwukong.com的IP地址
[root@localhost named]# dig -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 36554
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp.sunwukong.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ftp.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.20 ##查询到的IP地址
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
sunwukong.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 22:54:42 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 963，查询反向域的ns的域名
[root@localhost named]# dig -x 192.168.1.19 @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -x 192.168.1.19 @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6464
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;19.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
;; ANSWER SECTION:
19.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR ns1.sunwukong.com. ##查询到反向域的ns的域名
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 22:59:25 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 1154，查询方向域中对应的域名
[root@localhost named]# dig -x 192.168.1.20 @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -x 192.168.1.20 @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52555
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;20.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
;; ANSWER SECTION:
20.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR ftp.sunwukong.com. ##查询到IP地址的域名
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
1.168.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 23:24:55 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 119扩展：指定某一台主机，或某个网段可以查询
指定某台主机查询：
编辑配置文件/etc/named.conf，指定可查询的主机的IP地址
options {
listen-on port 53 { any; };
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
allow-query { 192.168.1.35; }; ##指定主机IP重启服务，并用192.168.1.35的主机进行测试
[root@localhost named]# dig -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 249
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp.sunwukong.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ftp.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.20
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
sunwukong.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 23:31:19 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 96从结果中看到该主机可以查询，那么用主机IP为192.168.1.20的进行查询，看是否能够查询成功
[root@localhost ~]# dig -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 36738
;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp.sunwukong.com. IN A
;; Query time: 2 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 23:33:41 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 46指定某个网段可以查询：
编辑配置文件/etc/named.conf，指定可查询的网段
options {
listen-on port 53 { any; };
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
allow-query { 192.168.1.1/24; }; ##指定可查询的网段改动配置文件后重启服务，拿刚才无法查询，IP为192.168.1.20的主机进行测试，看能否查询
[root@localhost ~]# dig -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-72.el7 <<>> -t A ftp.sunwukong.com @192.168.1.19
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 16118
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ftp.sunwukong.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ftp.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.20 ##查看该域名的IP地址
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
sunwukong.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.sunwukong.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.sunwukong.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.19
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.19#53(192.168.1.19)
;; WHEN: Mon Apr 22 23:36:17 EDT 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 96标签：named,file,正反,##,192.168,sunwukong,DNS,var,解析 来源： https://blog.51cto.com/14163901/2383161