contempt

Contempt is a pattern of attitudes and behaviour, often towards an individual or group, but sometimes towards an ideology, which has the characteristics of disgust and anger.

The word originated in 1393, from the Latin word contemptus meaning "scorn". It is the past participle of contemnere and from com- intensive prefix + temnere "to slight [怠慢; 冷落], scorn". Contemptuous appeared in 1529.

It is classified among Paul Ekman's seven basic emotions of contempt, anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Robert C. Solomon places contempt on the same continuum as resentment and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that resentment is anger directed towards a higher-status individual; anger is directed towards an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed towards a lower-status individual.

Ekman and Friesen (1986) identified a specific facial expression that observers in ten different cultures, both Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt. In this study, citizens of West Sumatra, Indonesia, were given photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian peoples. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the primary emotions of anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise showed that across cultures, general contempt is universally understood (with level of agreement equating to 75%). "An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt." This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.

• 撇嘴

Paul Ekman, a widely recognized psychologist, found six emotions that were universally recognized: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Findings on contempt are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. In the 1990s Ekman proposed an expanded list of emotions, this time including contempt.

Contempt has five features. Contempt requires a judgment concerning the appearance or standing of the object of contempt. In particular, contempt involves the judgment that, because of some moral or personal failing or defect, the contemned person has compromised his or her standing vis-à-vis an interpersonal standard that the contemptor treats as important. This may have not been done deliberately but by a lack of status. This lack of status may cause the contemptuous to classify the object of contempt as utterly worthless, or as not fully meeting a particular interpersonal standard. Therefore, contempt is a response to a perceived failure to meet an interpersonal standard. Contempt is also a particular way of regarding or attending to the object of contempt, and this form of regard has an unpleasant affective element. However, contempt may be experienced as a highly visceral [instinctive] emotion similar to disgust, or as cool disregard.

• Vis-à-vis is a loanword from French, and its literal meaning is "face-to-face."As a preposition, vis-à-vis is used to compare things, or as synonym for "opposite" or "facing."
• vice versa (vs) came into English directly from Latin from a word meaning "turn." It means against.
• Viscera are the large organs inside the body, such as the heart, liver, and stomach.

六级/考研单词: contempt, seldom, ideology, disgust, scorn, intensive, classify, resent, differentiate, versus, equate, outward, psychology, preliminary, defect, compromise, deliberate, thereby, disregard, literal, preposition, synonym, vice, liver

Vis-à-Vis Meaning | Vice Versa and Vis-à-Vis

标签：status,emotions,vis,disgust,anger,contempt
来源： https://www.cnblogs.com/funwithwords/p/16600742.html