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concept

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Concepts are used as formal tools or models in mathematics, computer science, databases and artificial intelligence where they are sometimes called classes, schema or categories. In informal use the word concept often just means any idea.

A concept car (also known as a concept vehicle, show vehicle or prototype) is a car made to showcase new styling and/or new technology. They are often shown at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to new and radical designs which may or may not be mass-produced.

Concepts are defined as abstract ideas or general notions that occur in the mind, in speech, or in thought. They are understood to be the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs. They play an important role in all aspects of cognition. As such, concepts are studied by several disciplines [学科], such as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logical and psychological structure of concepts, and how they are put together to form thoughts and sentences. The study of concepts has served as an important flagship of an emerging interdisciplinary [inter-: ……间] approach called cognitive science.

A notation is a system of written marks or signs used to represent something such as music, mathematics, or scientific ideas.

cognitive, 1580s, "pertaining to cognition," with -ive + Latin cognit-, 过去分词的词干 of cognoscere "to get to know, recognize," from assimilated [消化吸收; 同化] form of com "together" + gnoscere "to know" (from PIE root *gno- "to know"). The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) [原始印欧语] are basic parts of words that carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like "to eat" or "to run". Roots never occurred alone in the language.

Concepts can be organized into a hierarchy, higher levels of which are termed "superordinate" and lower levels termed "subordinate". Additionally, there is the "basic" or "middle" level at which people will most readily categorize a concept. For example, a basic-level concept would be "chair", with its superordinate, "furniture", and its subordinate, "easy chair".

A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. Concept maps may be used by instructional designers, engineers, technical writers, and others to organize and structure knowledge.

A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows, often in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as "causes", "requires", "such as" or "contributes to".

The technique for visualizing these relationships among different concepts is called concept mapping. Concept maps have been used to define the ontology [本体] of computer systems, for example with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism.

Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies concepts such as existence, being, becoming, and reality. It includes the questions of how entities are grouped into basic categories and which of these entities exist on the most fundamental level. Ontology is sometimes referred to as the science of being and belongs to the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics [形而上学; 玄学].

Other Definitions of Ontology Include:

哎呦我去，这个比奥卡姆剃刀——格里高咧。

In generic programming, a concept is a description of supported operations on a type, including syntax and semantics. In this way, concepts are related to abstract types but concepts do not require a subtype relationship. The term was in use as early as 1998 for STL [Standard Template Library], as this was one of the first libraries that extensively used templates. The term concept (and its popularization) is credited to Alexander Stepanov, the primary designer of the STL. In the C++ 1998 standard, the Concept term was introduced to name just a simple description of the requirements for particular type, usually being a template parameter. As generics in Java and C# have some similarities to C++'s templates, the role of concepts there is played by interfaces.

For example, if a type X satisfies the Trivial Iterator concept in C++, and x is of type X, the following are valid expressions with corresponding semantics:

A Trivial Iterator is an object that may be dereferenced to refer to some other object. It is so trivial that arithmetic operations (such as increment and comparison) are not guaranteed to be supported.

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标签：concept,may,used,concepts,such,type
来源： https://www.cnblogs.com/funwithwords/p/16575734.html