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【Clickhouse】Clickhouse 存储结构及文件分析

作者:互联网

测试版本:22.3.3.2
测试环境:MacBookPro M1

1. Clickhouse 数据目录结构

默认clickhouse数据目录/var/lib/clickhouse,数据部分存储在/var/lib/clickhouse/data下

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 17 clickhouse clickhouse  544 Apr 10 14:00 ./
drwxr-xr-x  1 root       root       4096 Apr  6 16:11 ../
drwxr-x---  7 root       root        224 Apr 10 14:00 access/
drwxr-x---  4 root       root        128 Apr 10 14:00 data/
drwxr-x---  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 dictionaries_lib/
drwxr-x---  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 flags/
drwxr-xr-x  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 format_schemas/
drwxr-x---  8 root       root        256 Apr 10 14:00 metadata/
drwxr-x---  2 root       root         64 Apr 10 14:00 metadata_dropped/
drwxr-x---  4 root       root        128 Apr 10 14:00 preprocessed_configs/
-rw-r-----  1 clickhouse clickhouse   55 Apr 10 14:00 status
drwxr-x--- 10 root       root        320 Apr 10 14:01 store/
drwxr-xr-x  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 tmp/
drwxr-x---  2 root       root         64 Apr 10 14:00 user_defined/
drwxr-xr-x  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 user_files/
drwxr-x---  2 clickhouse clickhouse   64 Apr 10 14:00 user_scripts/
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         36 Apr 10 14:00 uuid

# 数据部分存储目录:数据库/表/分区文件
root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data# ll
total 0
drwxr-x---  4 root       root       128 Apr 10 14:00 ./
drwxr-xr-x 17 clickhouse clickhouse 544 Apr 10 14:00 ../
drwxr-x---  7 clickhouse clickhouse 224 Apr 19 11:11 default/
drwxr-x---  2 root       root        64 Apr 28 01:01 system/

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default# ll
total 0
drwxr-x--- 7 root root 224 Apr 19 11:11 ./
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 128 Apr 10 14:00 ../
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root root  67 Apr 19 11:11 test_merge_tree -> /var/lib/clickhouse/store/f60/f60de9d8-27e0-4f7e-820d-6112d915cf30//
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root root  67 Apr 13 01:07 t_order -> /var/lib/clickhouse/store/407/40727376-3e59-4564-b985-7687204d1201//
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root root  67 Apr 12 13:13 t_order_mt -> /var/lib/clickhouse/store/437/437dbddb-e8bf-412a-b3db-de41cfe0d2bb//
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root root  67 Apr 19 09:17 t_order_mt3 -> /var/lib/clickhouse/store/543/5438bf9d-129a-4295-a840-302f4de12b5f//
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root root  67 Apr 14 01:38 t_users -> /var/lib/clickhouse/store/4a4/4a4df8a5-2b5e-43a3-96c6-a442fd0a608b//

2. Clickhouse表目录结构

2.1 数据部分存储格式

一张表的完整物理结构分为三级:数据表目录/分区目录/各分区下数据文件。
分区文件数据部分有两种存储格式:
Wide格式:每一列都存储在文件系统中的单独文件中
Compact格式:所有列都存储在一个文件中。Compact格式可用于提高小而频繁插入的性能。

数据存储格式由表引擎的min_bytes_for_wide_partmin_rows_for_wide_part控制:

2.1.1 Wide格式存储数据

2.1.1.1 建表使Wide格式存储

可通过参数min_bytes_for_wide_part = 0或min_rows_for_wide_part=0使其强制使用Wide格式

CREATE TABLE test_merge_tree
(
  Id UInt64,
  Birthday Date,
  Name String,
  INDEX a Birthday TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 3
)
ENGINE = MergeTree()
PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(Birthday)
ORDER BY (Id, Name)
SETTINGS index_granularity = 2, min_compress_block_size = 24, min_bytes_for_wide_part = 0;

insert into test_merge_tree values
(1,'1988-01-01','lilei'),
(2,'1998-03-03','zhangsan'),
(3,'2000-01-02','lisi'),
(4,'2000-01-03','wangwu'),
(5,'2000-01-04','mike'),
(6,'2000-02-03','jack');

2.1.1.2 Wide存储格式目录样式

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/test_merge_tree# ll
total 4
drwxr-x---  8 clickhouse clickhouse 256 Apr 19 11:11 ./
drwxr-x---  3 root       root        96 Apr 19 11:11 ../
drwxr-x--- 17 root       root       544 Apr 19 11:11 198801_1_1_0/
drwxr-x--- 17 root       root       544 Apr 19 11:11 199803_2_2_0/
drwxr-x--- 17 root       root       544 Apr 19 11:11 200001_3_3_0/
drwxr-x--- 17 root       root       544 Apr 19 11:11 200002_4_4_0/
drwxr-x---  2 clickhouse clickhouse  64 Apr 19 11:11 detached/
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         1 Apr 19 11:11 format_version.txt

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/test_merge_tree/200001_3_3_0# ll
total 60
drwxr-x--- 17 root       root       544 Apr 19 11:11 ./
drwxr-x---  8 clickhouse clickhouse 256 Apr 19 11:11 ../
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        32 Apr 19 11:11 Birthday.bin
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        72 Apr 19 11:11 Birthday.mrk2
-rw-r-----  1 root       root       448 Apr 19 11:11 checksums.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        79 Apr 19 11:11 columns.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         1 Apr 19 11:11 count.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        10 Apr 19 11:11 default_compression_codec.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        44 Apr 19 11:11 Id.bin
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        72 Apr 19 11:11 Id.mrk2
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         4 Apr 19 11:11 minmax_Birthday.idx
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        44 Apr 19 11:11 Name.bin
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        72 Apr 19 11:11 Name.mrk2
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         4 Apr 19 11:11 partition.dat
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        39 Apr 19 11:11 primary.idx
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        30 Apr 19 11:11 skp_idx_a.idx2
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        24 Apr 19 11:11 skp_idx_a.mrk2

2.1.2 Compact格式存储数据

2.1.2.1 建表使Compact格式存储

可通过参数min_bytes_for_wide_part = 比较大的值或min_rows_for_wide_part=比较大的值使其强制使用Compact格式

create table t_order_mt3(
   id UInt32,
   sku_id String,
   total_amount Decimal(16,2),
   create_time Datetime,
   INDEX a total_amount TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 5
) engine =MergeTree
partition by toYYYYMMDD(create_time) 
order by (id,sku_id)
SETTINGS index_granularity_bytes=1024;


insert into t_order_mt3 values 
(101,'sku_001',1000.00,'2022-04-01 12:00:00') ,
(102,'sku_002',2000.00,'2022-04-01 11:00:00'), 
(102,'sku_004',2500.00,'2022-04-01 12:00:00'), 
(102,'sku_002',2000.00,'2022-04-01 13:00:00'), 
(102,'sku_002',12000.00,'2022-04-01 13:00:00'), 
(102,'sku_002',600.00,'2022-04-02 12:00:00');

2.1.2.2 Compact存储格式目录样式

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/t_order_mt3# ll
total 4
drwxr-x---  6 clickhouse clickhouse 192 Apr 19 09:18 ./
drwxr-x---  3 root       root        96 Apr 19 09:17 ../
drwxr-x--- 13 root       root       416 Apr 19 09:18 20220401_1_1_0/
drwxr-x--- 13 root       root       416 Apr 19 09:18 20220402_2_2_0/
drwxr-x---  2 clickhouse clickhouse  64 Apr 19 09:17 detached/
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         1 Apr 19 09:17 format_version.txt

root@b6d725df80c8:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/t_order_mt3/20220401_1_1_0# ll
total 44
drwxr-x--- 13 root       root       416 Apr 19 09:18 ./
drwxr-x---  6 clickhouse clickhouse 192 Apr 19 09:18 ../
-rw-r-----  1 root       root       335 Apr 19 09:18 checksums.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root       118 Apr 19 09:18 columns.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         1 Apr 19 09:18 count.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root       189 Apr 19 09:18 data.bin
-rw-r-----  1 root       root       144 Apr 19 09:18 data.mrk3
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        10 Apr 19 09:18 default_compression_codec.txt
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         8 Apr 19 09:18 minmax_create_time.idx
-rw-r-----  1 root       root         4 Apr 19 09:18 partition.dat
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        24 Apr 19 09:18 primary.idx
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        41 Apr 19 09:18 skp_idx_a.idx2
-rw-r-----  1 root       root        24 Apr 19 09:18 skp_idx_a.mrk3

2.2 二进制文件介绍

关于分区目录命令规则,分区合并这里不再缀述,研究一下分区目录下文件中到底都存了些啥。
分区文件列表如下:

这里以Wide存储格式文件查看为例
以下均以该分区为例:/var/lib/clickhouse/data/default/test_merge_tree/200001_3_3_0

2.2.1 checksums.txt

$ od -An -c checksums.txt
   c   h   e   c   k   s   u   m   s       f   o   r   m   a   t
       v   e   r   s   i   o   n   :       4  \n 243 224 272 261
   r 300   6   3  \b 200 206 305   a 357 200   I 202 224 001  \0
  \0 260 001  \0  \0 365   #  \f  \f   B   i   r   t   h   d   a
   y   .   b   i   n     252   \ 255 354 354   s 344   H 315   k
 227 346   [ 001 365 371 001 006 001 356 300 226   *   B 315 321
   f   R 262   k 344   p 230 001  \r   0  \0 360  \n   m   r   k
   2   H 004   : 311 027   s 305 004 300   g   | 034   [   2 316
 224   i  \0 006   I   d   J  \0 362 027   , 217   q   ; 213   :
 231   / 353  \r 265   r  \f   M 331   g 265 001 030 017   x   4
 364 343   I   =   . 202 342   K   g 375 302 034 342  \a   I   d
   D  \0 361  \a   o   i 341   u 366 034   [   4 252 335 304 341
   w 353       w  \0  \b   N   a   m   e   F  \0 361 024   y 032
 210 203   B 367   z   S   2   /   c   O 246 265   3 322 001 021
 334 351 215 372 206 325 357 035   k   m   0 034 002   1   = 257
  \t   ,  \0 001   H  \0 365   & 370 370 004   2 335 236   e 326
   g   / 032 214 252   s   R 277  \0  \t   c   o   u   n   t   .
   t   x   t 001   w 267 225 004   E 270 371 275   + 253   F 313
 377 023   { 333  \0 023   m   i   n   m   a   x   _ 317  \0 361
   -   i   d   x 004 331   y 321   P 235 225 362   z   j 203   +
 341 027   ~ 205   >  \0  \r   p   a   r   t   i   t   i   o   n
   .   d   a   t 004   y 372 307   f   ? 301 036   L   H 337 342
 203 031 207 334   K  \0  \v   p   r   i   m   a   r   >  \0 375
   $   ' 317   b   ?   ) 027 317 271 312 020   ' 237   0   ; 223
 004 257  \0 016   s   k   p   _   i   d   x   _   a   .   i   d
   x   2 036 216   |   B   v 202 264 373 200 312 031   h   < 327
 316   v   J 001   q  \0  \a   2  \0  \0 323  \0 360 003 030 374
 273   A 371 323 242   Z 306 235 341 200 204   [ 266 312   x  \0

2.2.2 partition.dat

分区信息文件,用来保存当前分区下分区表达式最终生成的值(或者干脆理解成partition_id),使用二进制格式进行存储.

$ od -An -l partition.dat
               200001

2.2.3 columns.txt

$ cat columns.txt
columns format version: 1
3 columns:
`Id` UInt64
`Birthday` Date
`Name` String

2.2.4 count.txt

该分区数据行数

$ cat count.txt
3

2.2.5 default_compression_codec.txt

数据压缩算法

$ cat default_compression_codec.txt
CODEC(LZ4)

2.2.6 primary.idx

# od -An -td4 -w4  primary.idx
$ hexdump -C primary.idx
00000000  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 6c 69 73 69 05 00 00  |.........lisi...|
00000010  00 00 00 00 00 04 6d 69  6b 65 05 00 00 00 00 00  |......mike......|
00000020  00 00 04 6d 69 6b 65                              |...mike|
00000027

# 该分区的三条数据
(3,'2000-01-02','lisi'),
(4,'2000-01-03','wangwu'),
(5,'2000-01-04','mike'),

# $ hexdump -C primary.idx
# 00000000  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  09 68 61 6e 6d 65 69 6d  |.........hanmeim|
# 00000010  65 69 05 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 06 77 61 6e 67 77  |ei.........wangw|
# 00000020  75 05 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 06 77 61 6e 67 77 75  |u.........wangwu|
# 00000030

MergeTree表会按照主键字段生成primary.idx,200001_3_3_0分区下数据有:
(3,'2000-01-02','lisi')
(4,'2000-01-03','wangwu')
(5,'2000-01-04','mike')
所以主键分别为:(3, lisi)、(4,wangu)、(5,mike)
index_granularity被设置为2,所以每隔2行生成一条索引值,所以:
第一条索引(3, lisi):
Id为3,又Id为UInt64,使用8字节0x03,如下图 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Name为lisi, 又Name为String类型可变长,会先用1字节描述string长度,长度为4, 所以第9列为04,后边为lisi的ASCII码6c 69 73 69
第二条索引为(5,mike):同理

primary.idx表示成如下:

2.2.7 {column}.mrk2

一个{column}.bin文件有1至多个数据压缩块组成,mark2数据标记文件格式比较固定,primary.idx文件中的每个索引在此文件中都有一个对应的Mark,有三列:

  1. Offset in compressed file,8 Bytes,代表该标记指向的压缩数据块在bin文件中的偏移量。
  2. Offset in decompressed block,8 Bytes,代表该标记指向的数据在解压数据块中的偏移量。
  3. Rows count,8 Bytes,行数,通常情况下其等于index_granularity。

所以通过primary.idx中的索引寻找mrk2文件中对应的Mark非常简单,如果要寻找第n(从0开始)个index,则对应的Mark在mrk2文件中的偏移为n*24,从这个偏移处开始读取24 Bytes即可得到相应的Mark。

Id.mrk2

$ hexdump -C Id.mrk2
00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000020  10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000030  2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |,...............|
00000040  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |........|
00000048

$ od -An -l Id.mrk2
                                        0                               0
                                        2                               0
                                       16                               1
                                       44                               0
                                        0

id.mrk2的内容表示成如下形式:

Name.mrk2

$ hexdump -C Name.mrk2
00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000020  0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000030  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  11 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000040  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |........|
00000048
$ od -An -l Name.mrk2
                                        0                               0
                                        2                               0
                                       12                               1
                                        0                              17
                                        0

Name.mrk2的内容表示成如下形式:

(3,'2000-01-02','lisi'),
(4,'2000-01-03','wangwu'),
(5,'2000-01-04','mike'),

Birthday.mrk2

$ hexdump -C Birthday.mrk2
00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000020  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000030  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000040  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |........|
00000048
$ od -An -l Birthday.mrk2
                                        0                               0
                                        2                               0
                                        4                               1
                                        0                               6
                                        0

Birthday.mrk2的内容表示成如下形式:

2.2.8 {column}.bin

{column}.bin文件由若干数据块组成,默认使用LZ4压缩格式。用于存储某一列数据,由于MergeTree采用列式存储,Wide模式存储时,每个字段都有独立的bin文件。{column}.bin文件存储如下:

[column].bin文件查看:

$ hexdump -C Id.bin
00000000  4e 3f c4 34 37 15 5c 29  f5 34 ff b5 0e cc ea 1f  |N?.47.\).4......|
00000010  82 1c 00 00 00 18 00 00  00 22 03 00 01 00 12 04  |........."......|
00000020  07 00 90 00 05 00 00 00  00 00 00 00              |............|
0000002c
# 该分区共有3条数据,ID是UInt64占8字节,所以压缩前一共是24字节,压缩后为什么是28更大了呢?
# 因为数据量小,压缩本身还有一些必要的信息要压缩,所以压缩后会比压缩前大
$ clickhouse-compressor --stat < Id.bin
# 压缩前大小	压缩后大小
24	28

$ hexdump -C Name.bin
00000000  2c b4 9c 0c 6a 6e e9 3c  80 7f 22 29 7e b2 6e c7  |,...jn.<..")~.n.|
00000010  82 1c 00 00 00 11 00 00  00 f0 02 04 6c 69 73 69  |............lisi|
00000020  06 77 61 6e 67 77 75 04  6d 69 6b 65              |.wangwu.mike|
0000002c
# 该分区共有3条数据,Name是String类型,可变长,但有一字节表示长度
# lisi=4 wangwu=7 mike=4, 1+4+1+6+1+4 = 17 
$ clickhouse-compressor --stat < Name.bin
17	28

$ hexdump -C Birthday.bin
00000000  f7 7c 17 4b 90 d7 66 bf  c6 f3 69 06 cf bc 92 0c  |.|.K..f...i.....|
00000010  82 10 00 00 00 06 00 00  00 60 ce 2a cf 2a d0 2a  |.........`.*.*.*|
00000020
$ clickhouse-compressor --stat < Birthday.bin
6	16

Id.bin数据压缩块的头信息简单表示如下:

2.2.9 minmax_Birthday.idx

minmax文件里面存放的是该分区里分区字段的最小最大值。分区字段Birthday的类型为Date,其底层由UInt16实现,存的是从1970年1月1号到现在所经过的天数。通过上面的INSERT语句我们可以知道Birthday的最小值为2000-01-02,最大值为2000-01-04。这两个时间转换成天数分别为10958和10960,再转换成16进制就是0x2ace和0x2ad0。

$ hexdump -C minmax_Birthday.idx
00000000  ce 2a d0 2a                                       |.*.*|
00000004

$ od -An -td2 -w4 minmax_Birthday.idx
  10958  10960

(3,'2000-01-02','lisi'),
(4,'2000-01-03','wangwu'),
(5,'2000-01-04','mike')

2.2.10 skp_idx_a.idx2

二级索引文件

$ hexdump -C skp_idx_a.idx2
00000000  a9 d1 d7 8f b3 70 a1 1c  84 6f ec 0e b7 01 9f a1  |.....p...o......|
00000010  82 0e 00 00 00 04 00 00  00 40 ce 2a d0 2a        |.........@.*.*|
0000001e

2.2.11 skp_idx_a.mrk2

二级索引标记文件

$ hexdump -C skp_idx_a.mrk2
00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           |........|
00000018

3. 索引过程

所以索引过程用一个图表示大概如下:

标签:11,文件,存储,Apr,00,19,clickhouse,root,Clickhouse
来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/dreamfly2016/p/16409655.html