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学术写作

作者:互联网

翻译:https://www.gla.ac.uk/

目录

1 参考文献引用

1.2 证据的结构(Hierarchies of evidence)

Hierarchy of evidence

荟萃分析/系统评价 > 初步研究/案例研究 > 专家意见,轶事,信件

1.3 避免学术剽窃(Avoiding plagiarism)

需要标注参考来源(references)的项目:

常识(common knowledge)不需要标注参考来源。

1.4 避免不经意的剽窃(Accidental plagiarism)

1.5 引文和文献书目(Citations and bibliographies)

1.6 引用指南网站

1.7 文献作者个数

1.8 文献书目

1.9 不同引用内容实例(APA)

![APA引用实例](C:\Users\Zhinuo Zhao\Desktop\md\pics\APA引用实例.jpg)

1.10 整理引用文献的软件

对于大型文档,论文等很有帮助。

如果选择使用软件,一定要记住也要人工校对一遍!

1.11 注意事项

2 统计学科学术写作

2.1 写作流程(The writing process)

写作步骤(The scientific writing process)

论文的构成(The components of a dissertation)

科学报告(Scientific report style)

专题(Thematic style)

2.2 收集证据(Gathering evidence)

收集证据(Gathering evidence)

查找文献(Sourcing literature)

在科学数据库(scientific databases)中查询

在阅读文献之前

如何选择文献

证据的结构(Hierarchies of evidence)

Hierarchy of evidence

荟萃分析/系统评价 > 初步研究/案例研究 > 专家意见,轶事,信件

阅读写作阶段

阅读阶段

教材(Textbooks)
手册(Handbooks)
网站(Websites)
维基百科(Wikipedia!)
期刊文章(Journal articles)
实验报告(Lab reports)
讲课笔记(Lecture notes)
讲课幻灯片(Lecture slides)

写作阶段

原始数据(Raw data)
手册(Handbooks)
著名网站(Reputable webpages)
期刊文章(Journal articles)
实验报告(Lab reports)
专利/词讼(Patents/legal cases)
媒体报告?(Media coverage?)

2.3 严格评估证据(Critically evaluating your evidence)

批判地阅读文章

评估收集的证据

一篇好的文章会指出:

批判分析表格:

critical analysis template

[Critical Analysis template.docx](https://study.sagepub.com/wallaceandwray3e/student resources/chapter 2/critical analysis template)

写作中证据使用实例

The data show that modern marine samples are suitable for inclusion in ancient faunal isotope baselines. A t-test was carried out to compare the modern isotope values to the ancient measurements. No significant statistical difference was found between the two datasets (p>0.05). This finding correlates with previous studies carried out on samples from South Africa (Smith, et al., 2010), and Iceland (Murdoch, 2015). These studies used isotope analysis on good quality datasets (>100 samples for each species) and found no significant difference between ancient and modern fauna. These findings strengthen the findings of the data in this report, and also hypothesis that modern marine samples can be used to supplement ancient faunal isotope baselines.

2.4 学术写作实操

准确(specificity)

简洁(concision)

客观(objectivity)

选择合适的写作环境和方式

确定地点,开始时间以及准备写作的时长。若难以专注,可以尝试番茄钟:
https://academiccoachingandwriting.org/academic-writing/academic-writing-blog/v-use-a-timer-the-pomodoro-technique

掌握科学写作的要点

3 数学写作

“写下句子的目的是什么? 我有正确的答案。 那就是--以下几点。”

  • 数学是关于思想的。 能够以一种易于理解的方式传达您的想法是必不可少的技能。
  • 如果读者必须动用自己的智慧来发现文章
    意图,那么学生是因为读者的才智而不是自己的才智而获得分数。
  • 撰写良好的数学解释将提高你的知识水平,加深你对产生的想法的理解。

3.1 用句子写作(Writing in Sentences)

"新手数学家最普遍的错误观念之一:由于数学是一种高度符号语言,我们只需要提供一系列符号即可回答问题。 这是错误的,符号只是某些概念的简写; 必须要将它们整合到句子中,才能产生意义。"

——凯文·休斯顿(Kevin Houston),“如何像数学家一样思考”

不要出现:\(0 = 1\), \(\therefore\) no solutions, empty set (\(\emptyset\)).

而应该写:Since the equation \(0 = 1\) is present, the system of equations is inconsistent and so no solutions exist.

3.2 简明扼要

不要出现:Instead of: The inverse of the matrix \(A\) requires the determinant of \(A\) to be non zero in order to exist, but the matrix \(A\) has zero determinant, and so its inverse does not exist.

而应该写:Write: The matrix \(A\) has zero determinant, hence it has no inverse.

不要使用 考虑使用
a large majority of most
has the capacity to can
whether or not whether
are in agreement agree
prior to before
subsequent to after
at this point in time now
due to the fact that if
a new initiative an initiative
nearly unique unique/rare
plays a key role in is essential to
both cultures were equally affected the cultures were equally affected

3.3 结合公式和方程

好的例子:

eg1

坏的例子:

eg2

3.4 数字

如果使用小的数字计数,要完整写出。如果涉及具体数值则使用阿拉伯数字。

错误:The equation has 4 solutions.

正确:The equation has 108 solutions.

错误:Both three and five are prime numbers.

3.5 使用符号(Use of notation and symbols)

3.6 图片,表格以及编号

3.7 一些例子

A prime number is when there are no proper divisors.

A prime number is an integer with no proper divisors.

注意不要错误使用词语(“when”)。


We note the fact that the polynomial \(2x^2 - x - 1\) has the coefficient of the \(x^2\) term positive.

The leading coefficient of the polynomial \(2x^2 - x - 1\) is positive.

避免冗长而复杂的句子。


The convergence of the above series will now be established.

We establish the convergence of the above series.

优先选择主动语态而不是被动语态。


The proof is very easy, as it makes an elementary use of the triangle inequality.

The proof uses the triangle inequality.

避免独断和意见。


\(\rho\) is a rational number with odd denominator.

The rational number \(\rho\) has odd denominator.

如果可能的话,句子不要以数字或符号开头。


\(\alpha\) is an integer \(\Rightarrow\) \(\alpha\) is a rational number.

If \(\alpha\) is an integer, then \(\alpha\) is a rational number.

仅在符号语言中使用符号。

eg3

eg4

3.8 致谢

标签:Chapter,evidence,2019,引用,文献,学术,写作
来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/zerozhao/p/scientific_writing.html