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数据量达到1000w或以上使用分库分表提升数据库操作性能

作者:互联网

数据切分根据其切分类型,可以分为两种方式:垂直(纵向)切分和水平(横向)切分

1.ShardingSphere-Jdbc

ShardingSphere-Jdbc定位为轻量级Java框架,在Java的Jdbc层提供的额外服务。它使用客户端直连数据库,以jar包形式提供服务,可理解为增强版的Jdbc驱动,完全兼容Jdbc和各种ORM框架

2、MySQL主从复制

docker配置mysql主从复制
1)创建主服务器所需目录

mkdir -p /usr/local/mysqlData/master/cnf
mkdir -p /usr/local/mysqlData/master/data

2)定义主服务器配置文件

vim /usr/local/mysqlData/master/cnf/mysql.cnf
[mysqld]
## 设置server_id,注意要唯一
server-id=1
## 开启binlog
log-bin=mysql-bin
## binlog缓存
binlog_cache_size=1M
## binlog格式(mixed、statement、row,默认格式是statement)
binlog_format=mixed

3)创建并启动mysql主服务

docker run -itd -p 3306:3306 --name master -v /usr/local/mysqlData/master/cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /usr/local/mysqlData/master/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7

4)添加复制master数据的用户reader,供从服务器使用

[root@aliyun /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
6af1df686fff        mysql:5.7           "docker-entrypoint..."   5 seconds ago       Up 4 seconds        0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   master
[root@aliyun /]# docker exec -it master /bin/bash
root@41d795785db1:/# mysql -u root -p123456

mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* to 'reader'@'%' identified by 'reader';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

5)创建从服务器所需目录,编辑配置文件

mkdir /usr/local/mysqlData/slave/cnf -p
vim /usr/local/mysqlData/slave/cnf/mysql.cnf
[mysqld]
## 设置server_id,注意要唯一
server-id=2
## 开启binlog,以备Slave作为其它Slave的Master时使用
log-bin=mysql-slave-bin
## relay_log配置中继日志
relay_log=edu-mysql-relay-bin
## 如果需要同步函数或者存储过程
log_bin_trust_function_creators=true
## binlog缓存
binlog_cache_size=1M
## binlog格式(mixed、statement、row,默认格式是statement)
binlog_format=mixed
## 跳过主从复制中遇到的所有错误或指定类型的错误,避免slave端复制中断
## 如:1062错误是指一些主键重复,1032错误是因为主从数据库数据不一致
slave_skip_errors=1062

6)创建并运行mysql从服务器

docker run -itd -p 3307:3306 --name slaver -v /usr/local/mysqlData/slave/cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /usr/local/mysqlData/slave/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7

7)在从服务器上配置连接主服务器的信息
首先主服务器上查看master_log_file、master_log_pos两个参数,然后切换到从服务器上进行主服务器的连接信息的设置

主服务上执行:

root@6af1df686fff:/# mysql -u root -p123456

mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 |      591 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

docker查看主服务器容器的ip地址

[root@aliyun /]# docker inspect --format='{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' master
172.17.0.2

从服务器上执行:

[root@aliyun /]# docker exec -it slaver /bin/bash
root@fe8b6fc2f1ca:/# mysql -u root -p123456  

mysql> change master to master_host='172.17.0.2',master_user='reader',master_password='reader',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=591;

8)从服务器启动I/O 线程和SQL线程

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 172.17.0.2
                  Master_User: reader
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 591
               Relay_Log_File: edu-mysql-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

Slave_IO_Running: Yes,Slave_SQL_Running: Yes即表示启动成功。

4)两阶段提交
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3、Sharding-Jdbc实现读写分离

1)、新建Springboot工程,引入相关依赖

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.mybatis.spring.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>mybatis-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.4</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
        <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        <version>1.1.21</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.shardingsphere</groupId>
        <artifactId>sharding-jdbc-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        <version>4.0.0-RC1</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
        <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2)、application.properties配置文件

spring.main.allow-bean-definition-overriding=true
#显示sql
spring.shardingsphere.props.sql.show=true

#配置数据源
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.names=ds1,ds2,ds3

#master-ds1数据库连接信息
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.type=com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.url=jdbc:mysql://47.101.58.187:3306/sharding-jdbc-db?useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.username=root
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.password=123456
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.maxPoolSize=100
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.minPoolSize=5

#slave-ds2数据库连接信息
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.type=com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.url=jdbc:mysql://47.101.58.187:3307/sharding-jdbc-db?useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.username=root
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.password=123456
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.maxPoolSize=100
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds2.minPoolSize=5

#slave-ds3数据库连接信息
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.type=com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.url=jdbc:mysql://47.101.58.187:3307/sharding-jdbc-db?useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.username=root
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.password=123456
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds.maxPoolSize=100
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds3.minPoolSize=5

#配置默认数据源ds1 默认数据源,主要用于写
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.default-data-source-name=ds1
#配置主从名称
spring.shardingsphere.masterslave.name=ms
#置主库master,负责数据的写入
spring.shardingsphere.masterslave.master-data-source-name=ds1
#配置从库slave节点
spring.shardingsphere.masterslave.slave-data-source-names=ds2,ds3
#配置slave节点的负载均衡均衡策略,采用轮询机制
spring.shardingsphere.masterslave.load-balance-algorithm-type=round_robin

#整合mybatis的配置
mybatis.type-aliases-package=com.ppdai.shardingjdbc.entity

3)、创建t_user表

CREATE TABLE `t_user` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `nickname` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `password` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sex` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `birthday` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

4)、定义Controller、Mapper、Entity

@Data
public class User {
    private Integer id;

    private String nickname;

    private String password;

    private Integer sex;

    private String birthday;
}

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/user")
public class UserController {
    @Autowired
    private UserMapper userMapper;

    @PostMapping("/save")
    public String addUser() {
        User user = new User();
        user.setNickname("zhangsan" + new Random().nextInt());
        user.setPassword("123456");
        user.setSex(1);
        user.setBirthday("1997-12-03");
        userMapper.addUser(user);
        return "success";
    }

    @GetMapping("/findUsers")
    public List<User> findUsers() {
        return userMapper.findUsers();
    }
}

public interface UserMapper {

    @Insert("insert into t_user(nickname,password,sex,birthday) values(#{nickname},#{password},#{sex},#{birthday})")
    void addUser(User user);

    @Select("select * from t_user")
    List<User> findUsers();
}

5)、验证
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经校验写数据进入ds1数据库,而读操作则是ds2,ds3两个数据库轮询操作。

4、MySQL分库分表原理

1)、分库分表
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5、Sharding-Jdbc实现分库分表

1)、逻辑表
用户数据根据订单id%2拆分为2个表,分别是:t_order0和t_order1。他们的逻辑表名是:t_order
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多数据源相同表:

#多数据源$->{0..N}.逻辑表名$->{0..N} 相同表
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.actual-data-nodes=ds$->{0..1}.t_order$->{0..1}

多数据源不同表:

#多数据源$->{0..N}.逻辑表名$->{0..N} 不同表
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.actual-data-nodes=ds0.t_order$->{0..1},ds1.t_order$->{2..4}

单库分表:

#单数据源的配置方式
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.actual-data-nodes=ds0.t_order$->{0..4}

全部手动指定:

spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.actual-data-nodes=ds0.t_order0,ds1.t_order0,ds0.t_order1,ds1.t_order1

2)、inline分片策略

spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.actual-data-nodes=ds$->{0..1}.t_order$->{0..1}
#数据源分片策略
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.database-strategy.inline.sharding-column=user_id
#数据源分片算法
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.database-strategy.inline.algorithm-expression=ds$->{user_id%2}
#表分片策略
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.table-strategy.inline.sharding-column=order_id
#表分片算法
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.table-strategy.inline.algorithm-expression=t_order$->{order_id%2}

上面的配置通过user_id%2来决定具体数据源,通过order_id%2来决定具体表

insert into t_order(user_id,order_id) values(2,3),user_id%2 = 0使用数据源ds0,order_id%2 = 1使用t_order1,insert语句最终操作的是数据源ds0的t_order1表。
3)、分布式主键配置
Sharding-Jdbc可以配置分布式主键生成策略。默认使用雪花算法(snowflake),生成64bit的长整型数据,也支持UUID的方式

#主键的列名
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.key-generator.column=id
#主键生成策略
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_order.key-generator.type=SNOWFLAKE

4)、inline分片策略实现分库分表
需求:

对1000w的用户数据进行分库分表,对用户表的数据进行分表和分库的操作。根据年龄奇数存储在t_user1,偶数t_user0,同时性别奇数存储在ds1,偶数ds0
表结构:

CREATE TABLE `t_user0` (
  `id` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `nickname` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `password` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sex` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `birthday` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

CREATE TABLE `t_user1` (
  `id` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `nickname` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `password` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `sex` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `birthday` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

两个数据库中都包含t_user0和t_user1两张表

application.properties:

spring.main.allow-bean-definition-overriding=true
#显示sql
spring.shardingsphere.props.sql.show=true

#配置数据源
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.names=ds0,ds1

#ds0数据库连接信息
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.type=com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.url=jdbc:mysql://47.101.58.187:3306/t_user_db0?useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.username=root
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.password=123456
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.maxPoolSize=100
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds0.minPoolSize=5

#ds1数据库连接信息
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.type=com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.url=jdbc:mysql://47.101.58.187:3306/t_user_db1?useUnicode=true&useSSL=false&serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.username=root
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.password=123456
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.maxPoolSize=100
spring.shardingsphere.datasource.ds1.minPoolSize=5

#整合mybatis的配置
mybatis.type-aliases-package=com.ppdai.shardingjdbc.entity

spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.actual-data-nodes=ds$->{0..1}.t_user$->{0..1}
#数据源分片策略
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.database-strategy.inline.sharding-column=sex
#数据源分片算法
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.database-strategy.inline.algorithm-expression=ds$->{sex%2}
#表分片策略
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.table-strategy.inline.sharding-column=age
#表分片算法
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.table-strategy.inline.algorithm-expression=t_user$->{age%2}
#主键的列名
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.key-generator.column=id
spring.shardingsphere.sharding.tables.t_user.key-generator.type=SNOWFLAKE

测试类:

@SpringBootTest
class ShardingJdbcApplicationTests {

    @Autowired
    private UserMapper userMapper;

    /**
     * sex:奇数
     * age:奇数
     * ds1.t_user1
     */
    @Test
    public void test01() {
        User user = new User();
        user.setNickname("zhangsan" + new Random().nextInt());
        user.setPassword("123456");
        user.setAge(17);
        user.setSex(1);
        user.setBirthday("1997-12-03");
        userMapper.addUser(user);
    }

    /**
     * sex:奇数
     * age:偶数
     * ds1.t_user0
     */
    @Test
    public void test02() {
        User user = new User();
        user.setNickname("zhangsan" + new Random().nextInt());
        user.setPassword("123456");
        user.setAge(18);
        user.setSex(1);
        user.setBirthday("1997-12-03");
        userMapper.addUser(user);
    }

    /**
     * sex:偶数
     * age:奇数
     * ds0.t_user1
     */
    @Test
    public void test03() {
        User user = new User();
        user.setNickname("zhangsan" + new Random().nextInt());
        user.setPassword("123456");
        user.setAge(17);
        user.setSex(2);
        user.setBirthday("1997-12-03");
        userMapper.addUser(user);
    }

    /**
     * sex:偶数
     * age:偶数
     * ds0.t_user0
     */
    @Test
    public void test04() {
        User user = new User();
        user.setNickname("zhangsan" + new Random().nextInt());
        user.setPassword("123456");
        user.setAge(18);
        user.setSex(2);
        user.setBirthday("1997-12-03");
        userMapper.addUser(user);
    }
}

标签:分库,spring,mysql,ds1,1000w,user,数据量,shardingsphere,datasource
来源: https://blog.csdn.net/zouyang920/article/details/121861954