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解读 Android TTS 语音合成播报

作者:互联网

随着从事 Android 开发年限增加,负责的工作项目也从应用层开发逐步过渡到 Android Framework 层开发。虽然一开始就知道 Android 知识体系的庞大,但是当你逐渐从 Application 层向 Framework 层走的时候,你才发现之前懂得认知真是太少。之前更多打交道的 Activity 和 Fragment ,对于 Service 和 Broadcast 涉及的很少,更多注重的是界面的布局、动画、网络请求等,虽然走应用开发的话,后期会关注架构、性能优化、Hybrid等,但是逐渐接触 Framework 层相关模块时候,发现里面的知识点各种错综复杂,就好比讲讲今天分享的主题是 Android TTS

话不多说,先来张图,分享大纲如下:

大纲

之前受一篇文章启发,说的是如何讲解好一个技术点知识,可以分为两部分去介绍:外部应用维度和内部设计维度,基本从这两个角度出发,可以把一个技术点讲的透彻。同样,我把这种方式应用到写作中去。

外部应用维度

什么是 TTS

在 Android 中,TTS全称叫做 Text to Speech,从字面就能理解它解决的问题是什么,把文本转为语音服务,意思就是你输入一段文本信息,然后Android 系统可以把这段文字播报出来。这种应用场景目前比较多是在各种语音助手APP上,很多手机系统集成商内部都有内置文本转语音服务,可以读当前页面上的文本信息。同样,在一些阅读类APP上我们也能看到相关服务,打开微信读书,里面就直接可以把当前页面直接用语音方式播放出来,特别适合哪种不方便拿着手机屏幕阅读的场景。

TTS 技术规范

这里主要用到的是TextToSpeech类来完成,使用TextToSpeech的步骤如下:

创建TextToSpeech对象,创建时传入OnInitListener监听器监听示范创建成功。
设置TextToSpeech所使用语言国家选项,通过返回值判断TTS是否支持该语言、国家选项。
调用speak()或synthesizeToFile方法。
关闭TTS,回收资源。

XML文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <ScrollView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent">

        <LinearLayout
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent"
            android:orientation="vertical">

            <EditText
                android:id="@+id/edit_text1"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:text="杭州自秦朝设县治以来已有2200多年的历史,曾是吴越国和南宋的都城。因风景秀丽,素有“人间天堂”的美誉。杭州得益于京杭运河和通商口岸的便利,以及自身发达的丝绸和粮食产业,历史上曾是重要的商业集散中心。" />

            <Button
                android:id="@+id/btn_tts1"
                android:layout_width="150dp"
                android:layout_height="60dp"
                android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
                android:text="TTS1" />

            <EditText
                android:id="@+id/edit_text2"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                android:text="伊利公开举报原创始人郑俊怀:多名高官充当保护伞  北京青年报  2018-10-24 12:01:46    10月24日上午,伊利公司在企业官方网站发出举报信,公开举报郑俊怀等人,声称郑俊怀索要巨额犯罪所得不成,动用最高检某原副检察长等人施压,长期造谣迫害伊利,多位省部级、厅局级领导均充当郑俊怀保护伞,人为抹掉2.4亿犯罪事实,运作假减刑,14年来无人敢处理。" />

            <Button
                android:id="@+id/btn_tts2"
                android:layout_width="150dp"
                android:layout_height="60dp"
                android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
                android:text="TTS2" />

            <Button
                android:id="@+id/btn_cycle"
                android:layout_width="150dp"
                android:layout_height="60dp"
                android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
                android:text="Cycle TTS" />

            <Button
                android:id="@+id/btn_second"
                android:layout_width="150dp"
                android:layout_height="60dp"
                android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
                android:text="Second TTS" />

        </LinearLayout>

    </ScrollView>
</RelativeLayout>

Activity文件

public class TtsMainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener,TextToSpeech.OnInitListener {
    private static final String TAG = TtsMainActivity.class.getSimpleName();
    private static final int THREADNUM = 100; // 测试用的线程数目

    private EditText mTestEt1;
    private EditText mTestEt2;
    private TextToSpeech mTTS;  // TTS对象
    private XKAudioPolicyManager mXKAudioPolicyManager;
    private HashMap mParams = null;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        mTestEt1 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edit_text1);
        mTestEt2 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edit_text2);

        findViewById(R.id.btn_tts1).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.btn_tts2).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.btn_cycle).setOnClickListener(this);
        findViewById(R.id.btn_second).setOnClickListener(this);
        init();
    }

    private void init(){
        mTTS = new TextToSpeech(this.getApplicationContext(),this);
        mXKAudioPolicyManager = XKAudioPolicyManager.getInstance(this.getApplication());
        mParams = new HashMap();
        mParams.put(TextToSpeech.Engine.KEY_PARAM_STREAM, "3"); //设置播放类型(音频流类型)
    }

    @Override
    public void onInit(int status) {
        if (status == TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {
            int result = mTTS.setLanguage(Locale.ENGLISH);
            if (result == TextToSpeech.LANG_MISSING_DATA || result == TextToSpeech.LANG_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
                Toast.makeText(this, "数据丢失或不支持", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        int id = v.getId();
        switch (id){
            case R.id.btn_tts1:
                TtsPlay1();
                break;
            case R.id.btn_tts2:
                TtsPlay2();
                break;
            case R.id.btn_second:
                TtsSecond();
                break;
            case R.id.btn_cycle:
                TtsCycle();
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    private void TtsPlay1(){
        if (mTTS != null && !mTTS.isSpeaking() && mXKAudioPolicyManager.requestAudioSource()) {
            //mTTS.setOnUtteranceProgressListener(new ttsPlayOne());
            String text1 = mTestEt1.getText().toString();
            Log.d(TAG, "TtsPlay1-----------播放文本内容:" + text1);
            //朗读,注意这里三个参数的added in API level 4   四个参数的added in API level 21
            mTTS.speak(text1, TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH, mParams);
        }
    }

    private void TtsPlay2(){
        if (mTTS != null && !mTTS.isSpeaking() && mXKAudioPolicyManager.requestAudioSource()) {
            //mTTS.setOnUtteranceProgressListener(new ttsPlaySecond());
            String text2 = mTestEt2.getText().toString();
            Log.d(TAG, "TtsPlay2-----------播放文本内容:" + text2);
            // 设置音调,值越大声音越尖(女生),值越小则变成男声,1.0是常规
            mTTS.setPitch(0.8f);
            //设定语速 ,默认1.0正常语速
            mTTS.setSpeechRate(1f);
            //朗读,注意这里三个参数的added in API level 4   四个参数的added in API level 21
            mTTS.speak(text2, TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH, mParams);
        }
    }

    private void TtsSecond(){
        Intent intent = new Intent(TtsMainActivity.this,TtsSecondAcitivity.class);
        startActivity(intent);
    }

    private void TtsCycle(){
        long millis1 = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < THREADNUM; i++) {
            Thread tempThread = new Thread(new MyRunnable(i, THREADNUM));
            tempThread.setName("线程" + i);
            tempThread.start();
        }

        long millis2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        Log.d(TAG, "循环测试发音耗费时间:" + (millis2 - millis1));
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        shutDown();
    }

    private void shutDown(){
        if(mTTS != null){
            mTTS.stop();
            mTTS.shutdown();
        }
        if(mXKAudioPolicyManager != null){
            mXKAudioPolicyManager.releaseAudioSource();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 自定义线程可执行处理
     * */
    class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
        private int i; // 第几个线程
        private int threadNum; // 总共创建了几个线程

        public MyRunnable(int i, int threadNum) {
            this.i = i;
            this.threadNum = threadNum;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    Log.d(TAG, "在主线程中执行index:" + i + ",线程总数:" + threadNum);
                    if(i % 2 == 0){
                        Log.d(TAG, "TtsPlay1 index:" + i);
                        TtsPlay1();
                    }
                    else{
                        Log.d(TAG, "TtsPlay2 index:" + i);
                        TtsPlay2();
                    }
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(10000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });

        }

    }


    public class ttsPlayOne extends UtteranceProgressListener{

        @Override
        public void onStart(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlayOne-----------onStart");
        }

        @Override
        public void onDone(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlayOne-----------onDone");
        }

        @Override
        public void one rror(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlayOne-----------onError");
        }
    }

    public class ttsPlaySecond extends  UtteranceProgressListener{

        @Override
        public void onStart(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlaySecond-----------onStart");
        }

        @Override
        public void onDone(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlaySecond-----------onDone");
        }

        @Override
        public void one rror(String utteranceId) {
            Log.d(TAG, "ttsPlaySecond-----------onError");
        }
    }
}

加上权限

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"></uses-permission>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"></uses-permission>

### TTS 最佳实践

由于目前我在公司负责开发的产品是属于语音助手类型,自然这类 TTS 发声的问题和坑日常见的比较多。常见的有如下几种类型:

### 使用趋势

随着物联网的到来,IoT设备增多,那么对于类似语音助手相关应用也会增多,因为语音是一个很好的入口,现在逐步从显示到去显示的过程,很多智能设备有些是不需要屏幕的,只需要能识别语音和播放声音。因此,随着这类应用的增长,对于TTS 相关的API接口调用频率肯定也是加大,相信谷歌在这方面也会逐步在完善。

内部设计维度

从外部使用角度入手,基本是熟悉API接口和具体项目中应用碰到的问题,然后不断总结出来比较优化的实践方式。了解完外部角度切入,那么我们需要里面内部设计是怎么一回事,毕竟作为一个开发者,知道具体实现原理是一个基本功。

解决目标

Android TTS 目标就是解决文本转化为语音播报的过程。那它到底是怎么实现的呢,我们从TextToSpeech类的构造函数开始分析。

这里我们用Android 6.0版本源码分析为主,主要涉及的相关类和接口文件,在源码中的位置如下:

framework\base\core\java\android\speech\tts\TextToSpeech.java
framework\base/core\java/android\speech\tts\TextToSpeechService.java
external\svox\pico\src\com\svox\pico\PicoService.java
external\svox\pico\compat\src\com\android\tts\compat\CompatTtsService.java
external\svox\pico\compat\src\com\android\tts\compat\SynthProxy.java
external\svox\pico\compat\jni\com_android_tts_compat_SynthProxy.cpp
external\svox\pico\tts\com_svox_picottsengine.cpp

实现原理

初始化角度:先看TextToSpeech类,在使用时,一般TextToSpeech类要进行初始化,它的构造函数有三个,最后真正调用的构造函数代码如下:

 /**
     * Used by the framework to instantiate TextToSpeech objects with a supplied
     * package name, instead of using {@link android.content.Context#getPackageName()}
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public TextToSpeech(Context context, OnInitListener listener, String engine,
            String packageName, boolean useFallback) {
        mContext = context;
        mInitListener = listener;
        mRequestedEngine = engine;
        mUseFallback = useFallback;

        mEarcons = new HashMap<String, Uri>();
        mUtterances = new HashMap<CharSequence, Uri>();
        mUtteranceProgressListener = null;

        mEnginesHelper = new TtsEngines(mContext);
        initTts();
    }

从构造函数可以看到,调用到initTts操作,我们看下initTts方法里是什么东东,代码如下:

  private int initTts() {
        // Step 1: Try connecting to the engine that was requested.
        if (mRequestedEngine != null) {
            if (mEnginesHelper.isEngineInstalled(mRequestedEngine)) {
                if (connectToEngine(mRequestedEngine)) {
                    mCurrentEngine = mRequestedEngine;
                    return SUCCESS;
                } else if (!mUseFallback) {
                    mCurrentEngine = null;
                    dispatchOnInit(ERROR);
                    return ERROR;
                }
            } else if (!mUseFallback) {
                Log.i(TAG, "Requested engine not installed: " + mRequestedEngine);
                mCurrentEngine = null;
                dispatchOnInit(ERROR);
                return ERROR;
            }
        }

        // Step 2: Try connecting to the user's default engine.
        final String defaultEngine = getDefaultEngine();
        if (defaultEngine != null && !defaultEngine.equals(mRequestedEngine)) {
            if (connectToEngine(defaultEngine)) {
                mCurrentEngine = defaultEngine;
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }

        // Step 3: Try connecting to the highest ranked engine in the
        // system.
        final String highestRanked = mEnginesHelper.getHighestRankedEngineName();
        if (highestRanked != null && !highestRanked.equals(mRequestedEngine) &&
                !highestRanked.equals(defaultEngine)) {
            if (connectToEngine(highestRanked)) {
                mCurrentEngine = highestRanked;
                return SUCCESS;
            }
        }

        // NOTE: The API currently does not allow the caller to query whether
        // they are actually connected to any engine. This might fail for various
        // reasons like if the user disables all her TTS engines.

        mCurrentEngine = null;
        dispatchOnInit(ERROR);
        return ERROR;
    }

这里比较有意思了,第一步先去连接用户请求的TTS引擎服务(这里可以让我们自定义TTS引擎,可以替换系统默认的引擎),如果没找到连接用户的TTS引擎,那么就去连接默认引擎,最后是连接高性能引擎,从代码可以看出高性能引擎优先级最高,默认引擎其次,connectToEngine方法代码如下:

  private boolean connectToEngine(String engine) {
        Connection connection = new Connection();
        Intent intent = new Intent(Engine.INTENT_ACTION_TTS_SERVICE);
        intent.setPackage(engine);
        boolean bound = mContext.bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
        if (!bound) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Failed to bind to " + engine);
            return false;
        } else {
            Log.i(TAG, "Sucessfully bound to " + engine);
            mConnectingServiceConnection = connection;
            return true;
        }
    }

这里的Engine.INTENT_ACTION_TTS_SERVICE的值为"android.intent.action.TTS_SERVICE";其连接到的服务为action,为"android.intent.action.TTS_SERVICE"的服务,在external\svox\pico目录中的AndroidManifest.xml文件可以发现:

  <service android:name=".PicoService"
           android:label="@string/app_name">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.TTS_SERVICE" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
            </intent-filter>
            <meta-data android:name="android.speech.tts" android:resource="@xml/tts_engine" />
  </service>

系统自带的默认连接的服务叫做PicoService,其具体代码如下:其继承于CompatTtsService。

public class PicoService extends CompatTtsService {

    private static final String TAG = "PicoService";
    
    @Override
    protected String getSoFilename() {
        return "libttspico.so";
    }

}

我们再来看看CompatTtsService这个类,这个类为抽象类,它的父类为TextToSpeechService,其有一个成员SynthProxy类,该类负责调用TTS的C++层代码。如图:

CompatTtsService代码

我们来看看CompatTtsService的onCreate()方法,该方法中主要对SynthProxy进行了初始化:

  @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        if (DBG) Log.d(TAG, "onCreate()");

        String soFilename = getSoFilename();

        if (mNativeSynth != null) {
            mNativeSynth.stopSync();
            mNativeSynth.shutdown();
            mNativeSynth = null;
        }

        // Load the engineConfig from the plugin if it has any special configuration
        // to be loaded. By convention, if an engine wants the TTS framework to pass
        // in any configuration, it must put it into its content provider which has the URI:
        // content://<packageName>.providers.SettingsProvider
        // That content provider must provide a Cursor which returns the String that
        // is to be passed back to the native .so file for the plugin when getString(0) is
        // called on it.
        // Note that the TTS framework does not care what this String data is: it is something
        // that comes from the engine plugin and is consumed only by the engine plugin itself.
        String engineConfig = "";
        Cursor c = getContentResolver().query(Uri.parse("content://" + getPackageName()
                + ".providers.SettingsProvider"), null, null, null, null);
        if (c != null){
            c.moveToFirst();
            engineConfig = c.getString(0);
            c.close();
        }
        mNativeSynth = new SynthProxy(soFilename, engineConfig);

        // mNativeSynth is used by TextToSpeechService#onCreate so it must be set prior
        // to that call.
        // getContentResolver() is also moved prior to super.onCreate(), and it works
        // because the super method don't sets a field or value that affects getContentResolver();
        // (including the content resolver itself).
        super.onCreate();
    }

紧接着看看SynthProxy的构造函数都干了什么,我也不知道干了什么,但是里面有个静态代码块,其加载了ttscompat动态库,所以它肯定只是一个代理,实际功能由C++本地方法实现

  /**
     * Constructor; pass the location of the native TTS .so to use.
     */
    public SynthProxy(String nativeSoLib, String engineConfig) {
        boolean applyFilter = shouldApplyAudioFilter(nativeSoLib);
        Log.v(TAG, "About to load "+ nativeSoLib + ", applyFilter=" + applyFilter);
        mJniData = native_setup(nativeSoLib, engineConfig);
        if (mJniData == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to load " + nativeSoLib);
        }
        native_setLowShelf(applyFilter, PICO_FILTER_GAIN, PICO_FILTER_LOWSHELF_ATTENUATION,
                PICO_FILTER_TRANSITION_FREQ, PICO_FILTER_SHELF_SLOPE);
    }

我们可以看到,在构造函数中,调用了native_setup方法来初始化引擎,其实现在C++层(com_android_tts_compat_SynthProxy.cpp)。

nativeSetup代码

我们可以看到ngine->funcs->init(engine, __ttsSynthDoneCB, engConfigString);这句代码比较关键,这个init方法上面在com_svox_picottsengine.cpp中,如下:

/* Google Engine API function implementations */

/** init
 *  Allocates Pico memory block and initializes the Pico system.
 *  synthDoneCBPtr - Pointer to callback function which will receive generated samples
 *  config - the engine configuration parameters, here only contains the non-system path
 *      for the lingware location
 *  return tts_result
*/
tts_result TtsEngine::init( synthDoneCB_t synthDoneCBPtr, const char *config )
{
    if (synthDoneCBPtr == NULL) {
        ALOGE("Callback pointer is NULL");
        return TTS_FAILURE;
    }

    picoMemArea = malloc( PICO_MEM_SIZE );
    if (!picoMemArea) {
        ALOGE("Failed to allocate memory for Pico system");
        return TTS_FAILURE;
    }

    pico_Status ret = pico_initialize( picoMemArea, PICO_MEM_SIZE, &picoSystem );
    if (PICO_OK != ret) {
        ALOGE("Failed to initialize Pico system");
        free( picoMemArea );
        picoMemArea = NULL;
        return TTS_FAILURE;
    }

    picoSynthDoneCBPtr = synthDoneCBPtr;

    picoCurrentLangIndex = -1;

    // was the initialization given an alternative path for the lingware location?
    if ((config != NULL) && (strlen(config) > 0)) {
        pico_alt_lingware_path = (char*)malloc(strlen(config));
        strcpy((char*)pico_alt_lingware_path, config);
        ALOGV("Alternative lingware path %s", pico_alt_lingware_path);
    } else {
        pico_alt_lingware_path = (char*)malloc(strlen(PICO_LINGWARE_PATH) + 1);
        strcpy((char*)pico_alt_lingware_path, PICO_LINGWARE_PATH);
        ALOGV("Using predefined lingware path %s", pico_alt_lingware_path);
    }

    return TTS_SUCCESS;
}

到这里,TTS引擎的初始化就完成了。

再看下TTS调用的角度,一般TTS调用的类是TextToSpeech中的speak()方法,我们来看看其执行流程:

  public int speak(final CharSequence text,
                     final int queueMode,
                     final Bundle params,
                     final String utteranceId) {
        return runAction(new Action<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer run(ITextToSpeechService service) throws RemoteException {
                Uri utteranceUri = mUtterances.get(text);
                if (utteranceUri != null) {
                    return service.playAudio(getCallerIdentity(), utteranceUri, queueMode,
                            getParams(params), utteranceId);
                } else {
                    return service.speak(getCallerIdentity(), text, queueMode, getParams(params),
                            utteranceId);
                }
            }
        }, ERROR, "speak");
    }

主要是看runAction()方法:

    private <R> R runAction(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method,
            boolean reconnect, boolean onlyEstablishedConnection) {
        synchronized (mStartLock) {
            if (mServiceConnection == null) {
                Log.w(TAG, method + " failed: not bound to TTS engine");
                return errorResult;
            }
            return mServiceConnection.runAction(action, errorResult, method, reconnect,
                    onlyEstablishedConnection);
        }
    }

主要看下mServiceConnection类的runAction方法,

public <R> R runAction(Action<R> action, R errorResult, String method,
                boolean reconnect, boolean onlyEstablishedConnection) {
            synchronized (mStartLock) {
                try {
                    if (mService == null) {
                        Log.w(TAG, method + " failed: not connected to TTS engine");
                        return errorResult;
                    }
                    if (onlyEstablishedConnection && !isEstablished()) {
                        Log.w(TAG, method + " failed: TTS engine connection not fully set up");
                        return errorResult;
                    }
                    return action.run(mService);
                } catch (RemoteException ex) {
                    Log.e(TAG, method + " failed", ex);
                    if (reconnect) {
                        disconnect();
                        initTts();
                    }
                    return errorResult;
                }
            }
        }

可以发现最后会回调action.run(mService)方法。接着执行service.playAudio(),这里的service为PicoService,其继承于抽象类CompatTtsService,而CompatTtsService继承于抽象类TextToSpeechService。

所以会执行TextToSpeechService中的playAudio(),该方法位于TextToSpeechService中mBinder中。该方法如下:

  @Override
        public int playAudio(IBinder caller, Uri audioUri, int queueMode, Bundle params,
                String utteranceId) {
            if (!checkNonNull(caller, audioUri, params)) {
                return TextToSpeech.ERROR;
            }

            SpeechItem item = new AudioSpeechItemV1(caller,
                    Binder.getCallingUid(), Binder.getCallingPid(), params, utteranceId, audioUri);
            return mSynthHandler.enqueueSpeechItem(queueMode, item);
        }

接着执行mSynthHandler.enqueueSpeechItem(queueMode, item),其代码如下:

        /**
         * Adds a speech item to the queue.
         *
         * Called on a service binder thread.
         */
        public int enqueueSpeechItem(int queueMode, final SpeechItem speechItem) {
            UtteranceProgressDispatcher utterenceProgress = null;
            if (speechItem instanceof UtteranceProgressDispatcher) {
                utterenceProgress = (UtteranceProgressDispatcher) speechItem;
            }

            if (!speechItem.isValid()) {
                if (utterenceProgress != null) {
                    utterenceProgress.dispatchOnError(
                            TextToSpeech.ERROR_INVALID_REQUEST);
                }
                return TextToSpeech.ERROR;
            }

            if (queueMode == TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH) {
                stopForApp(speechItem.getCallerIdentity());
            } else if (queueMode == TextToSpeech.QUEUE_DESTROY) {
                stopAll();
            }
            Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    if (isFlushed(speechItem)) {
                        speechItem.stop();
                    } else {
                        setCurrentSpeechItem(speechItem);
                        speechItem.play();
                        setCurrentSpeechItem(null);
                    }
                }
            };
            Message msg = Message.obtain(this, runnable);

            // The obj is used to remove all callbacks from the given app in
            // stopForApp(String).
            //
            // Note that this string is interned, so the == comparison works.
            msg.obj = speechItem.getCallerIdentity();

            if (sendMessage(msg)) {
                return TextToSpeech.SUCCESS;
            } else {
                Log.w(TAG, "SynthThread has quit");
                if (utterenceProgress != null) {
                    utterenceProgress.dispatchOnError(TextToSpeech.ERROR_SERVICE);
                }
                return TextToSpeech.ERROR;
            }
        }

主要是看 speechItem.play()方法,代码如下:

  /**
         * Plays the speech item. Blocks until playback is finished.
         * Must not be called more than once.
         *
         * Only called on the synthesis thread.
         */
        public void play() {
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mStarted) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("play() called twice");
                }
                mStarted = true;
            }
            playImpl();
        }

        protected abstract void playImpl();

可以看到主要播放实现方法为playImpl(),那么在TextToSpeechService中的playAudio()中代码可以知道这里的speechitem为SynthesisSpeechItemV1。

因此在play中执行的playimpl()方法为SynthesisSpeechItemV1类中的playimpl()方法,其代码如下:

  @Override
        protected void playImpl() {
            AbstractSynthesisCallback synthesisCallback;
            mEventLogger.onRequestProcessingStart();
            synchronized (this) {
                // stop() might have been called before we enter this
                // synchronized block.
                if (isStopped()) {
                    return;
                }
                mSynthesisCallback = createSynthesisCallback();
                synthesisCallback = mSynthesisCallback;
            }

            TextToSpeechService.this.onSynthesizeText(mSynthesisRequest, synthesisCallback);

            // Fix for case where client called .start() & .error(), but did not called .done()
            if (synthesisCallback.hasStarted() && !synthesisCallback.hasFinished()) {
                synthesisCallback.done();
            }
        }

在playImpl方法中会执行onSynthesizeText方法,这是个抽象方法,记住其传递了一个synthesisCallback,后面会讲到。哪该方法具体实现是在哪里呢,没错,就是在TextToSpeechService的子类CompatTtsService中。来看看它怎么实现的:

  @Override
    protected void onSynthesizeText(SynthesisRequest request, SynthesisCallback callback) {
        if (mNativeSynth == null) {
            callback.error();
            return;
        }

        // Set language
        String lang = request.getLanguage();
        String country = request.getCountry();
        String variant = request.getVariant();
        if (mNativeSynth.setLanguage(lang, country, variant) != TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {
            Log.e(TAG, "setLanguage(" + lang + "," + country + "," + variant + ") failed");
            callback.error();
            return;
        }

        // Set speech rate
        int speechRate = request.getSpeechRate();
        if (mNativeSynth.setSpeechRate(speechRate) != TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {
            Log.e(TAG, "setSpeechRate(" + speechRate + ") failed");
            callback.error();
            return;
        }

        // Set speech
        int pitch = request.getPitch();
        if (mNativeSynth.setPitch(pitch) != TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {
            Log.e(TAG, "setPitch(" + pitch + ") failed");
            callback.error();
            return;
        }

        // Synthesize
        if (mNativeSynth.speak(request, callback) != TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {
            callback.error();
            return;
        }
    }

最终又回到系统提供的pico引擎中,在com_android_tts_compat_SynthProxy.cpp这个文件中,可以看到使用speak方法,代码如下:

static jint
com_android_tts_compat_SynthProxy_speak(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jlong jniData,
        jstring textJavaString, jobject request)
{
    SynthProxyJniStorage* pSynthData = getSynthData(jniData);
    if (pSynthData == NULL) {
        return ANDROID_TTS_FAILURE;
    }

    initializeFilter();

    Mutex::Autolock l(engineMutex);

    android_tts_engine_t *engine = pSynthData->mEngine;
    if (!engine) {
        return ANDROID_TTS_FAILURE;
    }

    SynthRequestData *pRequestData = new SynthRequestData;
    pRequestData->jniStorage = pSynthData;
    pRequestData->env = env;
    pRequestData->request = env->NewGlobalRef(request);
    pRequestData->startCalled = false;

    const char *textNativeString = env->GetStringUTFChars(textJavaString, 0);
    memset(pSynthData->mBuffer, 0, pSynthData->mBufferSize);

    int result = engine->funcs->synthesizeText(engine, textNativeString,
            pSynthData->mBuffer, pSynthData->mBufferSize, static_cast<void *>(pRequestData));
    env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(textJavaString, textNativeString);

    return (jint) result;
}

至此,TTS的调用就结束了。

TTS 优劣势

从实现原理我们可以看到Android系统原生自带了一个TTS引擎。那么在此,我们就也可以去自定义TTS引擎,只有继承ITextToSpeechService接口即可,实现里面的方法。这就为后续自定义TTS引擎埋下伏笔了,因为系统默认的TTS引擎是不支持中文,那么市场上比较好的TTS相关产品,一般是集成讯飞或者Nuance等第三方供应商。

因此,我们也可以看到TTS优劣势:

优势:接口定义完善,有着完整的API接口方法,同时支持扩展,可根据自身开发业务需求重新打造TTS引擎,并且与原生接口做兼容,可适配。

劣势:原生系统TTS引擎支持的多国语言有限,目前不支持多实例和多通道。

演进趋势

从目前来看,随着语音成为更多Iot设备的入口,那么在语音TTS合成播报方面技术会越来越成熟,特别是对于Android 系统原生相关的接口也会越来越强大。因此,对于TTS后续的发展,应该是冉冉上升。

小结

总的来说,对于一个知识点,前期通过使用文档介绍,到具体实践,然后在实践中优化进行总结,选择一个最佳的实践方案。当然不能满足“知其然而不知其所以然”,所以得去看背后的实现原理是什么。这个知识点优劣势是什么,在哪些场景比较适用,哪些场景不适用,接下来会演进趋势怎么样。通过这么一整套流程,那么对于一个知识点来说,可以算是了然于胸了。

标签:播报,return,String,TTS,TAG,TextToSpeech,Android,null
来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/cr330326/p/10796420.html