基于DE2-115 FPGA开发板的VGA显示
作者:互联网
基于DE2-115 FPGA开发板的VGA显示
VGA原理
VGA驱动显示器用的是扫描的方式,一般是逐行扫描。
逐行扫描是扫描从屏幕左上角一点开始,从左像右逐点扫描,每扫描完一行,电子束回到屏幕的左边下一行的起始位置,在这期间,CRT对电子束进行消隐,每行结束时,用行同步信号进行同步;
当扫描完所有的行,形成一帧后,用场同步信号进行场同步,并使扫描回到屏幕左上方,同时进行场消隐,开始下一帧。
显示器扫描方式分为逐行扫描和隔行扫描:逐行扫描是扫描从屏幕左上角一点开始,从左像右逐点扫描,每扫描完一行,电子束回到屏幕的左边下一行的起始位置,在这期间,CRT对电子束进行消隐,每行结束时,用行同步信号进行同步;当扫描完所有的行,形成一帧,用场同步信号进行场同步,并使扫描回到屏幕左上方,同时进行场消隐,开始下一帧。隔行扫描是指电子束扫描时每隔一行扫一线,完成一屏后在返回来扫描剩下的线,隔行扫描的显示器闪烁的厉害,会让使用者的眼睛疲劳。
完成一行扫描的时间称为水平扫描时间,其倒数称为行频率;完成一帧(整屏)扫描的时间称为垂直扫描时间,其倒数称为场频率,即刷新一屏的频率,常见的有60Hz,75Hz等等。标准的VGA显示的场频60Hz,行频31.5KHz。
行场消隐信号:是针对老式显像管的成像扫描电路而言的。电子枪所发出的电子束从屏幕的左上角开始向右扫描,一行扫完需将电子束从右边移回到左边以便扫描第二行。在移动期间就必须有一个信号加到电路上,使得电子束不能发出。不然这个回扫线会破坏屏幕图像的。这个阻止回扫线产生的信号就叫作消隐信号,场信号的消隐也是一个道理。
显示带宽:带宽指的显示器可以处理的频率范围。如果是60Hz刷新频率的VGA,其带宽达640x480x60=18.4MHz,70Hz的刷新频率1024x768分辨率的SVGA,其带宽达1024x768x70=55.1MHz。
时钟频率:以640x480@59.94Hz(60Hz)为例,每场对应525个行周期(525=10+2+480+33),其中480为显示行。每场有场同步信号,该脉冲宽度为2个行周期的负脉冲,每显示行包括800点时钟,其中640点为有效显示区,每一行有一个行同步信号,该脉冲宽度为96个点时钟。由此可知:行频为52559.94=31469Hz,需要点时钟频率:525800*59.94约25MHz.
VESA中定义行时序和场时序都需要同步脉冲(Sync a)、显示后沿(Back porch b)、显示时序段(Display interval c)和显示前沿(Front porch d)四部分。VGA工业标准显示模式要求:行同步,场同步都为负极性,即同步脉冲要求是负脉冲。
由VGA的行时序可知:没一行都有一个负极性行同步脉冲(Sync a),是数据行的结束标志,同时也是下一行的开始标志。在同步脉冲之后为显示后沿(Back porch b),在显示时序段(Display interval c)显示器为亮的过程,RGB数据驱动一行上的每一个像素点,从而显示一行。在一行的最后为显示前沿(Front porch d)。在显示时间段(Display interval c)之外没有图像投射到屏幕是插入消隐信号。同步脉冲(Sync a)、显示后沿(Back porch b)和显示前沿(Front porch d)都是在行消隐间隔内(Horizontal Blanking Interval),当消隐有效时,RGB信号无效,屏幕不显示数据。
VGA的场时序与行时序基本一样,每一帧的负极性脉冲(Sync a)是一帧的结束标志,同时也是下一帧的开始标志。而显示数据是一帧的所有行数据。
下面以640*480@60Hz分辨率威力详细讲解VGA时序:
图2.VGA参数
只需要看第一行就可以了。
图3.FPGA与VGA的连接图
图4.ADV7123时序图————————————————
DE2-115开发板是使用了AD的,与其他的使用电阻网络的有点不一样,因为他的数据先经过AD,而AD输出延时t6=7.5ns,当使用640480@60Hz时,VGA带宽为64048060=25MHz,周期为40ns,因为AD的时钟是经过取反的,而40/2>7.5ns,所以不需要提前一个时钟发数据,但是1024768@60Hz时,带宽变为了65MHz,周期为15.38ns,15.38/2已经很接近7.5ns了,所以这时需要提前一个时钟发数据,具体还是以自己测试为准,提前一个时钟不行就试试二个。
图5. 640*480@60Hz,25MHz时序图
代码以及结果如下
module VGA_test(
OSC_50, //原CLK2_50时钟信号
VGA_CLK, //VGA自时钟
VGA_HS, //行同步信号
VGA_VS, //场同步信号
VGA_BLANK, //复合空白信号控制信号 当BLANK为低电平时模拟视频输出消隐电平,此时从R9~R0,G9~G0,B9~B0输入的所有数据被忽略
VGA_SYNC, //符合同步控制信号 行时序和场时序都要产生同步脉冲
VGA_R, //VGA绿色
VGA_B, //VGA蓝色
VGA_G); //VGA绿色
input OSC_50; //外部时钟信号CLK2_50
output VGA_CLK,VGA_HS,VGA_VS,VGA_BLANK,VGA_SYNC;
output [7:0] VGA_R,VGA_B,VGA_G;
parameter H_FRONT = 16; //行同步前沿信号周期长
parameter H_SYNC = 96; //行同步信号周期长
parameter H_BACK = 48; //行同步后沿信号周期长
parameter H_ACT = 640; //行显示周期长
parameter H_BLANK = H_FRONT+H_SYNC+H_BACK; //行空白信号总周期长
parameter H_TOTAL = H_FRONT+H_SYNC+H_BACK+H_ACT; //行总周期长耗时
parameter V_FRONT = 11; //场同步前沿信号周期长
parameter V_SYNC = 2; //场同步信号周期长
parameter V_BACK = 31; //场同步后沿信号周期长
parameter V_ACT = 480; //场显示周期长
parameter V_BLANK = V_FRONT+V_SYNC+V_BACK; //场空白信号总周期长
parameter V_TOTAL = V_FRONT+V_SYNC+V_BACK+V_ACT; //场总周期长耗时
reg [10:0] H_Cont; //行周期计数器
reg [10:0] V_Cont; //场周期计数器
wire [7:0] VGA_R; //VGA红色控制线
wire [7:0] VGA_G; //VGA绿色控制线
wire [7:0] VGA_B; //VGA蓝色控制线
reg VGA_HS;
reg VGA_VS;
reg [10:0] X; //当前行第几个像素点
reg [10:0] Y; //当前场第几行
reg CLK_25;
always@(posedge OSC_50)
begin
CLK_25=~CLK_25; //时钟
end
assign VGA_SYNC = 1'b0; //同步信号低电平
assign VGA_BLANK = ~((H_Cont<H_BLANK)||(V_Cont<V_BLANK)); //当行计数器小于行空白总长或场计数器小于场空白总长时,空白信号低电平
assign VGA_CLK = ~CLK_to_DAC; //VGA时钟等于CLK_25取反
assign CLK_to_DAC = CLK_25;
always@(posedge CLK_to_DAC)
begin
if(H_Cont<H_TOTAL) //如果行计数器小于行总时长
H_Cont<=H_Cont+1'b1; //行计数器+1
else H_Cont<=0; //否则行计数器清零
if(H_Cont==H_FRONT-1) //如果行计数器等于行前沿空白时间-1
VGA_HS<=1'b0; //行同步信号置0
if(H_Cont==H_FRONT+H_SYNC-1) //如果行计数器等于行前沿+行同步-1
VGA_HS<=1'b1; //行同步信号置1
if(H_Cont>=H_BLANK) //如果行计数器大于等于行空白总时长
X<=H_Cont-H_BLANK; //X等于行计数器-行空白总时长 (X为当前行第几个像素点)
else X<=0; //否则X为0
end
always@(posedge VGA_HS)
begin
if(V_Cont<V_TOTAL) //如果场计数器小于行总时长
V_Cont<=V_Cont+1'b1; //场计数器+1
else V_Cont<=0; //否则场计数器清零
if(V_Cont==V_FRONT-1) //如果场计数器等于场前沿空白时间-1
VGA_VS<=1'b0; //场同步信号置0
if(V_Cont==V_FRONT+V_SYNC-1) //如果场计数器等于行前沿+场同步-1
VGA_VS<=1'b1; //场同步信号置1
if(V_Cont>=V_BLANK) //如果场计数器大于等于场空白总时长
Y<=V_Cont-V_BLANK; //Y等于场计数器-场空白总时长 (Y为当前场第几行)
else Y<=0; //否则Y为0
end
reg valid_yr;
always@(posedge CLK_to_DAC)
if(V_Cont == 10'd32) //场计数器=32时
valid_yr<=1'b1; //行输入激活
else if(V_Cont==10'd512) //场计数器=512时
valid_yr<=1'b0; //行输入冻结
wire valid_y=valid_yr; //连线
reg valid_r;
always@(posedge CLK_to_DAC)
if((H_Cont == 10'd32)&&valid_y) //行计数器=32时
valid_r<=1'b1; //像素输入激活
else if((H_Cont==10'd512)&&valid_y) //行计数器=512时
valid_r<=1'b0; //像素输入冻结
wire valid = valid_r; //连线
wire[10:0] x_dis; //像素显示控制信号
wire[10:0] y_dis; //行显示控制信号
assign x_dis=X; //连线X
assign y_dis=Y; //连线Y
parameter //点阵字模:每一行char_lineXX是显示的一行,共272列
char_line00=272'h0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line01=272'h0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line02=272'h0000000000010000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line03=272'h000000000001C000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line04=272'h0000002000018000000180000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line05=272'h0000007000018000000180000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line06=272'h0FFFFFF000018000000080100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line07=272'h0001800000018060000080380000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line08=272'h000180000FFFFFF03FFFFFFC0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line09=272'h000180000001800000200C000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0a=272'h000180000001800000200C000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0b=272'h000180000001800000200C000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0c=272'h000180000001800000100C000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0d=272'h0001800000018000001018000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0e=272'h0001800000018180001018000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line0f=272'h000180C003FFFFC0001818000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line10=272'h07FFFFE000000000000830000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line11=272'h0001800000040000000C30000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line12=272'h0001800000030000000460000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line13=272'h0001800000018000000660000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line14=272'h000180000061C0000002C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line15=272'h000180000070C0400003C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line16=272'h000180000460C260000180000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line17=272'h00018000046002380003C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line18=272'h000180000C6002180006E0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line19=272'h000180001C60021C000C78000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1a=272'h000180003C60030800381E000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1b=272'h00018018183FF70000600FC00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1c=272'h3FFFFFFC003FFE00018003FC0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1d=272'h00000000000000000E0000F00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1e=272'h0000000000000000300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
char_line1f=272'h0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
reg[8:0] char_bit;
always@(posedge CLK_to_DAC)
if(X==10'd144)char_bit<=9'd272; //当显示到144像素时准备开始输出图像数据
else if(X>10'd144&&X<10'd416) //左边距屏幕144像素到416像素时 416=144+272(图像宽度)
char_bit<=char_bit-1'b1; //倒着输出图像信息
reg[29:0] vga_rgb; //定义颜色缓存
always@(posedge CLK_to_DAC)
if(X>10'd144&&X<10'd416) //X控制图像的横向显示边界:左边距屏幕左边144像素 右边界距屏幕左边界416像素
begin case(Y) //Y控制图像的纵向显示边界:从距离屏幕顶部160像素开始显示第一行数据
10'd160:
if(char_line00[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000; //如果该行有数据 则颜色为红色
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000; //否则为黑色
10'd162:
if(char_line01[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd163:
if(char_line02[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd164:
if(char_line03[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd165:
if(char_line04[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd166:
if(char_line05[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd167:
if(char_line06[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd168:
if(char_line07[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd169:
if(char_line08[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd170:
if(char_line09[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd171:
if(char_line0a[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd172:
if(char_line0b[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd173:
if(char_line0c[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd174:
if(char_line0d[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd175:
if(char_line0e[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd176:
if(char_line0f[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd177:
if(char_line10[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd178:
if(char_line11[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd179:
if(char_line12[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd180:
if(char_line13[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd181:
if(char_line14[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd182:
if(char_line15[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd183:
if(char_line16[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd184:
if(char_line17[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd185:
if(char_line18[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd186:
if(char_line19[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd187:
if(char_line1a[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd188:
if(char_line1b[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd189:
if(char_line1c[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd190:
if(char_line1d[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd191:
if(char_line1e[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
10'd192:
if(char_line1f[char_bit])vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_0000000000;
else vga_rgb<=30'b0000000000_0000000000_0000000000;
default:vga_rgb<=30'h0000000000; //默认颜色黑色
endcase
end
else vga_rgb<=30'b1111111111_0000000000_1111111111; //否则黑色
assign VGA_R=vga_rgb[23:16];
assign VGA_G=vga_rgb[15:8];
assign VGA_B=vga_rgb[7:0];
endmodule
标签:同步,FPGA,DE2,扫描,VGA,信号,parameter,消隐 来源: https://www.cnblogs.com/lwtt/p/16366913.html