KeepAlive
作者:互联网
KeepAlive的含义
KeepAlive配置的含义:对于HTTP/1.1的客户端来说,将会尽量的保持客户的
HTTP连接,通过一个连接传送多份HTTP请求响应。这样对于客户端来说,可以提高50%左右的响应时间,而于服务器端来说则降低了更多个连接的开销。不过这个依赖于客户端是否想保持连接。IE默认是保持连接的,当你打开100个图片的网站时,IE有可能只打开2个连接,通过这两个连接传送数据,而不是开100个连接。
在 Apache 服务器中,KeepAlive 是一个布尔值,On 代表打开,Off 代表关闭,这个指令在其他众多的 HTTPD 服务器中都是存在的。
KeepAliveTimeout 为持久连接保持的时间,也就是说,在这此连接结束后开始计时,多长时间内没有重新发送HTTP请求,就断掉连接。默认设置为5秒,这个值可以大点,但不能太大,否则会出现同时等候过多连接,导致多的内存被占用。
KeepAlive的作用
如何谋求网络带宽与服务器资源之间的平衡。这个要根据具体情况,具体分析。
那么我们考虑3种情况:
1。用户浏览一个网页时,除了网页本身外,还引用了多个 javascript 文件,多个 css 文件,多个图片文件,并且这些文件都在同一个 HTTP 服务器上。
2。用户浏览一个网页时,除了网页本身外,还引用一个 javascript 文件,一个图片文件。
3。用户浏览的是一个动态网页,由程序即时生成内容,并且不引用其他内容。
对于上面3中情况,我认为:1 最适合打开 KeepAlive ,2 随意,3 最适合关闭 KeepAlive
在 Apache 中,打开和关闭 KeepAlive 功能,服务器端会有什么异同呢? 下面看理论分析。
打开 KeepAlive 后,意味着每次用户完成全部访问后,都要保持一定时间后才关闭会关闭 TCP 连接,那么在关闭连接之前,必然会有一个Apache 进程对应于该用户而不能处理其他用户,假设 KeepAlive 的超时时间为 10 秒种,服务器每秒处理 50个独立用户访问,那么系统中 Apache 的总进程数就是 10 * 50 = 500 个,如果一个进程占用 4M 内存,那么总共会消耗 2G内存,所以可以看出,在这种配置中,相当消耗内存,但好处是系统只处理了 50次 TCP 的握手和关闭操作。
如果关闭 KeepAlive,如果还是每秒50个用户访问,如果用户每次连续的请求数为3个,那么 Apache 的总进程数就是 50 * 3= 150 个,如果还是每个进程占用 4M 内存,那么总的内存消耗为 600M,这种配置能节省大量内存,但是,系统处理了 150 次 TCP的握手和关闭的操作,因此又会多消耗一些 CPU 资源。
在看看实践的观察。
在一组大量处理动态网页内容的服务器中,起初打开 KeepAlive功能,经常观察到用户访问量大时Apache进程数也非常多,系统频繁使用交换内存,系统不稳定,有时负载会出现较大波动。关闭了 KeepAlive功能后,看到明显的变化是: Apache 的进程数减少了,空闲内存增加了,用于文件系统Cache的内存也增加了,CPU的开销增加了,但是服务更稳定了,系统负载也比较稳定,很少有负载大范围波动的情况,负载有一定程度的降低;变化不明显的是:访问量较少的时候,系统平均负载没有明显变化。
总结一下:
在内存非常充足的服务器上,不管是否关闭 KeepAlive 功能,服务器性能不会有明显变化;
如果服务器内存较少,或者服务器有非常大量的文件系统访问时,或者主要处理动态网页服务,关闭 KeepAlive 后可以节省很多内存,而节省出来的内存用于文件系统Cache,可以提高文件系统访问的性能,并且系统会更加稳定。
KeepAlive配置文件
如果设置KeepAlive ,找到这个设置的文件颇为费时,以前版本的大多配置都在httpd.conf文件,现在版本(2.4.2)的apache把不少配置都分离到不同的文件中了,于是,我只好一个文件一个文件的搜索。
…apache/conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
# This configuration file reflects default settings for Apache HTTP Server.
#
# You may change these, but chances are that you may not need to.
##
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#
Timeout 60
#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#
KeepAlive On
#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout 5
## UseCanonicalName: Determines how Apache constructs self-referencing
# URLs and the SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT variables.
# When set "Off", Apache will use the Hostname and Port supplied
# by the client. When set "On", Apache will use the value of the
# ServerName directive.
#
UseCanonicalName Off
#
# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#
AccessFileName .htaccess
#
# ServerTokens
# This directive configures what you return as the Server HTTP response
# Header. The default is 'Full' which sends information about the OS-Type
# and compiled in modules.
# Set to one of: Full | OS | Minor | Minimal | Major | Prod
# where Full conveys the most information, and Prod the least.
#
ServerTokens Full
#
# Optionally add a line containing the server version and virtual host
# name to server-generated pages (internal error documents, FTP directory
# listings, mod_status and mod_info output etc., but not CGI generated
# documents or custom error documents).
# Set to "EMail" to also include a mailto: link to the ServerAdmin.
# Set to one of: On | Off | EMail
#
ServerSignature Off
#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#
HostnameLookups Off
#
# Set a timeout for how long the client may take to send the request header
# and body.
# The default for the headers is header=20-40,MinRate=500, which means wait
# for the first byte of headers for 20 seconds. If some data arrives,
# increase the timeout corresponding to a data rate of 500 bytes/s, but not
# above 40 seconds.
# The default for the request body is body=20,MinRate=500, which is the same
# but has no upper limit for the timeout.
# To disable, set to header=0 body=0
<IfModule reqtimeout_module>
RequestReadTimeout header=20-40,MinRate=500 body=20,MinRate=500
</IfModule>
文件的注释部分已经给出了每个参数的具体含义,所以这里就没必要一一解释了。
标签:内存,关闭,Apache,服务器,连接,KeepAlive 来源: https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36663203/article/details/123585436